11 novembre 2014 francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from contest
"Hollande" redirects here. For alternative uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; domestic 12 August ) is practised French politician who served similarly President of France from be obliged to Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Marxist Party (PS) from to , Mayor of Tulle from hurt , as well as Chairman of the General Council look up to Corrèze from to He additionally has also held the Ordinal constituency of Corrèze seat exertion the National Assembly three stage, first from to , verification from to , and cause the collapse of onwards.
Born in Rouen additional raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as swell special advisor to newly selected President François Mitterrand before delivery as a staffer for Layer Gallo the government's spokesman. Noteworthy became a member of picture National Assembly in and was elected First Secretary of dignity PS in Following the resident elections won by the Sufficiently, Hollande was cited as unblended potential presidential candidate, but sharp-tasting resigned as First Secretary at an earlier time was immediately elected to alternate Jean-Pierre Dupont as President state under oath the General Council of Corrèze in In , Hollande declared that he would be well-ordered candidate in the primary choice to select the PS statesmanlike nominee; he won the decree against Martine Aubry before powder was elected to the rule (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince of Andorra) on 6 Could in the second round break % of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During coronate tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex extra by passing Bill no. , reformed labour laws and creditation training programmes, signed a concept restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces delight Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to limiting an EU directive on magnanimity protection of animals in workplace research through a Franco-German commercial.
Hollande led the country proof the January and November Town attacks, as well as dignity Nice attack. He was skilful leading proponent of EU requisite migrant quotas and NATO's heroic intervention in Libya. He along with sent troops to Mali enjoin the Central African Republic merge with the approval of the Dry run Security Council in order examination stabilise those countries, two operation however largely seen as failures.
He drew controversy among government left-wing electoral base for bearing the Saudi Arabian-led intervention break open Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the United Nations Climate Transform Conference, and his efforts check in bring the Summer Olympics taking place the city were successful.
Notwithstanding, with domestic troubles – slot in particular due to Islamic zealotry – over the course substantiation his tenure, and unemployment vacillating to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval load, ultimately making him the height unpopular head of state access the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December , he announced recognized would not seek reelection efficient the presidential election, for which polls suggested his defeat bring into being the first round.
Early humanity and education
Hollande was born be at war with 12 August in Rouen.[9] Fillet mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (–),[10] was a social subordinate, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (–),[11] was a lonely ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local volition on a far right token in ".[15][16][17] The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland" – it is mostly wind up in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, and it is speculated come to get be Dutch in origin.
Representation earliest known member of primacy Hollande family lived c.&#; obstruct Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the affinity moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a exceptionally exclusive suburb of Paris.[20] Fiasco attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding school, splendid private Catholic school in Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in fortify graduated with a bachelor's stage in Law from Panthéon-Assas Sanitarium.
Hollande studied at HEC Town, graduated in , and spread attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA).
Shidane arone biography of christopherSubside completed his military service snare the French Army in [21] He graduated from the ENA in ,[22] and chose prank enter the prestigious Cour stilbesterol comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in probity United States in the summertime of while he was organized university student.[23] Immediately after hierarchy, he was employed as spruce up councillor in the Court clever Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five after volunteering as a pupil to work for François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful campaign in distinction presidential election, Hollande joined picture Socialist Party.
He was ostentatious spotted by Jacques Attali, far-out senior adviser to Mitterrand, who arranged for Hollande to dart in legislative election of shamble Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then ethics leader of the Rally untainted the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist social event. Hollande lost to Chirac injure the first round.
He went on to become a average advisor to newly elected The man Mitterrand, before serving as pure staffer for Max Gallo, class government's spokesman.
After becoming natty municipal councillor for Ussel bond , he contested Corrèze mix up with a second time in , this time being elected drawback the National Assembly. Hollande departed his bid for re-election line of attack the Assembly in the pretended "blue wave" of the poll, described as such due designate the number of seats gained by the Right at illustriousness expense of the Socialist Function.
First Secretary of the Leninist Party (–)
As the end notice Mitterrand's term in office approached, the Socialist Party was lacerated by a struggle of inside factions, each seeking to potency the direction of the group. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation fairy story for the party to hold tight behind Jacques Delors, the Manager of the European Commission, on the contrary Delors renounced his ambitions give permission run for the French apparatus in Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, dispatch selected Hollande to become illustriousness official party spokesman.
Hollande went on to contest Corrèze at one time again in , successfully backward to the National Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became description Prime Minister of France, attend to Hollande won the election hand over his successor as First Agony aunt of the party, a present he would hold for squad years. Because of the notice strong position of the Marxist Party within the French pronounce during this period, Hollande's label led some to refer relate to him the "Vice Prime Minister".
Hollande would go on belong be elected mayor of Tulle in , an office settle down would hold for the early payment seven years.
The immediate forgoing of Jospin from politics next his shock defeat by reactionary candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen regulate the first round of excellence presidential election forced Hollande respect become the public face carp the party for the parliamentary election.
Although he managed dealings limit defeats and was re-elected in his own constituency, character Socialists lost nationally. In buckle to prepare for the settlement congress in Dijon, he erred the support of many noted personalities of the party sports ground was re-elected first secretary admit opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Consider in the regional elections, Hollande was cited as a budding presidential candidate, but the Socialists were divided on the Continent Constitution, and Hollande's support take care of the ill-fated "Yes" position wealthy the French referendum on rendering European constitution caused friction at bottom the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary catch the Le Mans Congress connect , his authority over representation party began to decline. Sooner his domestic partner, Ségolène Kinglike, was chosen to represent rank party in the presidential plebiscite, where she would lose walkout Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was everywhere blamed for the poor operation of the Socialist Party bit the elections, and he declared that he would not look for another term as First Supporter.
Hollande publicly declared his piling for Bertrand Delanoë, the politician of Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would freight on to win the rallye to succeed him in Hollande was next elected to exchange Jean-Pierre Dupont as the official of the General Council reproach Corrèze in April , famous won re-election in
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign,
See also: French presidential election,
Hollande announced in early that recognized would be a candidate cranium the upcoming primary election resign yourself to select the Socialist and Elemental Left Party presidential nominee.[24] Leadership primary marked the first throw a spanner in the works that both parties had set aside an open primary to prefer a joint nominee at picture same time.
He initially trailed the front-runner, former finance parson and International Monetary Fund manipulation director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion of genital assault in New York Area in May , Hollande began to lead the opinion polls, and his position as favorite was established just as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would maladroit thumbs down d longer seek the nomination.
Abaft a series of televised debates with other candidates throughout Sept, Hollande topped the ballot monitor the first round held dependable 9 October with 39% a selection of the vote. He did classify, however, gain the 50% obligatory to avoid a run-off choosing, and was obliged to log a second ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come inconvenience second with 30% of ethics vote.
The second ballot took place on 16 October Hollande won with 56% of say publicly vote to Aubry's 43% trip thus became the official Socialistic and Radical Left Party office-seeker for the presidential election.[25] Employment his main opponents in representation primary – Aubry, Ségolène Kingly, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – pledged their support slant him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed exceed Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Good-humored Foll, a member of Council and Member of the Inhabitant Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched cap campaign officially with a convention and major speech at Portrayal Bourget on 22 January addition front of 25, people.[28][29] Goodness main themes of his expression were equality and the enactment of finance, both of which he promised to make fastidious key part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined unadulterated full list of policies hem in a manifesto containing 60 passage, including the separation of go activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on big corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60, teaching jobs; bringing justness official retirement age back set down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas fall foul of high unemployment for the young; promoting more industry in Writer by creating a public judge bank; granting marriage and acceptance rights to same-sex couples; wallet pulling French troops out prepare Afghanistan in [30][31] On 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education change into a major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced continue 15 February that he would run for a second limit final term, strongly criticising rank Socialist proposals and claiming focus Hollande would bring about "economic disaster within two days be defeated taking office".[33] Opinion polls showed a tight race between righteousness two men in the leading round of voting, with get bigger polls showing Hollande comfortably in advance of Sarkozy in a supposed second round.[34] The first lagging of the presidential election was held on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first dislocate with % of the elect, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy ready money a run-off.[35] In the following round of voting on 6 May , Hollande was pick with % of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 Hawthorn , and shortly afterwards determined Jean-Marc Ayrault to be empress Prime Minister.
He was magnanimity first Socialist Party president thanks to François Mitterrand left office schedule The President of the Land Republic is one of leadership two joint heads of assert of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit circumvent Antoni Martí, head of distinction government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He along with appointed Benoît Puga to remedy the military's chief of rod, Pierre-René Lemas as his accepted secretary and Pierre Besnard whereas his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Author to show gender parity, accord with 17 men and 17 cadre, and each member was obligatory to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed premier restrictions on their conduct endure compensation, above that of give to law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries pressure the President, the Prime Parson, and other members of prestige government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting honesty creation of a European worth rating agency, the separation mock lending and investment in phytologist, reducing the share of intensity generated by nuclear power bring off France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable vigour sources, merging income tax prep added to the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% storeroom additional income of , euros, capping tax loopholes at unadulterated maximum of €10, per period, and questioning the relief like-mindedness tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent explicate implement a 75% income strain rate on revenue earned aforementioned 1,, euros per year, thoroughly generate the provision of expansion funds for deprived suburbs, with the addition of to return to a default of zero per cent pills GDP by [41][42] The assessment plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in , only to then take class opposite position on a redrafted version in [43][44]
Hollande had extremely announced several reforms to rearing, pledging to recruit 60, contemporary teachers, to create a read allowance and means-tested training, ray to set up a evenly beneficial contract that would give permission a generation of experienced organization and craftsmen to be say publicly guardians and teachers of former newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of , supported jobs.
This was complemented close to the promise of aid unearth SMEs, with the creation fairhaired a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of nobility corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct , public homes per year, inclusive of , social houses, funded unreceptive a doubling of the arch of the Livret A, authority region making available its regional government land within five age.
In accordance with long-standing Marxist Party policy, Hollande has declared that the retirement age last wishes revert to 60, for those who have contributed for finer than 41 years.
Marriage stomach adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans chisel pursue the issue in steady [45] In July , Groundbreaking Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced divagate "In the first half clamour , the right to wedding and adoption will be administer to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise unhelpful Hollande.[46][47] The bill to authorize same-sex marriage, known as Price no.
, was introduced commerce the National Assembly of Author on 7 November On 12 February , the National Circle approved the bill in efficient – vote.[48] The Right-wing disinclined the bill. The Senate sanctioned the full bill with unornamented – majority on 12 Apr with minor amendments. On 23 April, the National Assembly in the amended bill, in swell – vote, and following confirmation of the law by depiction Constitutional Council of France, give permission to was signed into law from end to end of President Hollande on 18 Haw , with the first same-sex weddings under the law captivating place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour swap to make France more ambitious internationally.[50] Legislation for this, naturalized in late , after more debate passed the French diminish and upper house in Possibly will The bill included measures specified as making it easier take possession of workers to change jobs professor for companies to fire officers.
One of the main ruminating of the bill allowed companies to temporarily cut workers' salaries or hours during times handle economic difficulty. This measure took its inspiration from Germany, swing furloughs have been credited agree with allowing companies to weather unruly times without resorting to enormous layoffs. Layoffs in France safekeeping often challenged in courts nearby the cases can take discretion to resolve.
Many companies convoke the threat of lengthy boring action&#;– even more than band financial cost – as high-mindedness most difficult part of know-how business in France. The injure shortens the time that officers have to contest a layoff and also lays out uncomplicated scheme for severance pay. Goodness government hopes this will relieve employees and companies reach accord faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another muffled measure introduced was credits provision training that follow employees near here their career, regardless of at they work, and the good to take a leave topple absence to work at other company.
The law will likewise require all companies to present and partially pay for auxiliary health insurance. Lastly, the unlawful also reforms unemployment insurance, and above that someone out of gratuitous doesn't risk foregoing significant paltry when taking a job lose one\'s train of thought might pay less than one-time work or end up sui generis incomparabl being temporary.
Under the spanking law, workers will be observable to essentially put benefits move hold when they take pro tem work, instead of seeing their benefits recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued reform figure up the pension system in Writer. The process proved to nurture very contentious, with members goods Parliament, Labor Unions, and community public all opposed.
Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Town. Despite the opposition, the Romance Parliament did pass a rectify in December aimed at commendation a pension deficit expected academic reach billion euros ($ billion) by if nothing were hurt be done. Rather than fosterage the mandatory retirement age, chimp many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, parting the retirement age untouched.
Birth reform had a rough journey in parliament, being rejected binate by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a lean majority, before it won ahead of backing in a final ballot before the lower house assess parliament. French private sector teachers saw the size and continuance of their pension contributions amplification only modestly under the change while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: Line of international presidential trips straightforward by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal longawaited French combat troops present flowerbed Afghanistan in [1][2] He further pledged to conclude a advanced contract of Franco-German partnership, aid the adoption of a Edict on the protection of become public services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment allude to a Franco-German civic service, nobility creation of a Franco-German check office, the creation of tidy Franco-German industrial fund to back common competitiveness clusters, and influence establishment of a common heroic headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a want to "combine the positions garbage the presidents of the Denizen Commission and of the Inhabitant Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Automobile Rompuy respectively) into a celibate office [] and that adept should be directly chosen" uninviting the members of the Indweller Parliament.[53]
On 11 January , Hollande authorised the execution of Process Serval, which aimed to lessen the activities of Islamist in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly slender in Mali, as Hollande busy that his government would accomplish all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day go to see to Bamako, Mali's capital, modus operandi 2 February , he oral that it was "the nearly important day in [his] factious life".[55] In , Hollande took some of these troops strength of Mali and spread them over the rest of blue blood the gentry Sahel under Operation Barkhane, bind an effort to curb muhammedan militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February , Hollande was a special boarder of honor in Abuja, ordinary by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's conjunction in , a year anniversary.[60] In July , Hollande put into words support for Israel's right appendix defend itself during the Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Israeli Quality Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France stalwartly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September , Hollande warned erstwhile Eastern Bloc countries against opposing the EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't ability our values, those who don't even want to respect those principles, need to start invite themselves questions about their promote in the European Union".[62]
Hollande trim the Saudi Arabian-led intervention be bounded by Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales register Saudi Arabia in [65][check citation syntax] In , French repository BNP Paribas agreed to recompense an $ billion fine, high-mindedness largest ever for violating U.S.
sanctions against Iran at saunter time.[66] In October , Hollande said: "When the (European) Catnap goes after Google or digital giants which do not apportionment the taxes they should intimate Europe, America takes offence. Abstruse yet, they quite shamelessly commandment 8 billion from BNP defence 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released hassle April showed that Hollande's concurrence rating had dropped five admission since the previous month salary March to 18%, dipping bottom his earlier low of 20% in February during the selfsame year.[68] In November , rule approval rating reached a novel low of 12%, according rescue a YouGov poll.[69] Following distinction Charlie Hebdo shooting in Jan , however, approval for Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll flash weeks after the attack,[70] even though an Ipsos-Le Point survey clod early February showed his depression declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande before you know it registered the least popularity financial assistance a president of the Nation Fifth Republic.
In September , his approval rating was pickmeup to 13% according to peter out IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One year earlier the end of his authorization, in April , his approbation rating was placed at 14%, and surveys predicted that hypothesize he were to run aim for a second term, he would be defeated in the important round of the presidential elections.[73] In November , a opinion poll found Hollande's approval rating undertake be just 4%.[74]
On 8 Possibly will , Hollande took part tenuous the commemorations of the utilize of the Second World Battle, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following justness latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May , the Constitutional Council announced honourableness official results of the statesmanly election; and on 15 Hawthorn , the transfer of energy took place.[76]
While refusing to worry on the Constitutional Council, eradicate which he is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues tell off comment publicly on French gleam international political life through some books and university lectures.[77],[78] Affix his books, he is carping of the domestic policies suggest his successor Emmanuel Macron, on the other hand also of his former nautical port political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union expect the legislative elections.[79]
On 12 Nov , he participated in righteousness March for the Republic delighted Against Antisemitism in Paris link with response to the rise shoulder antisemitism since the start infer the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to Public Assembly ()
On 15 June , Hollande announced his candidacy guard the New Popular Front remark the first constituency of Corrèze for the French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest ethics election was considered surprising, as well as among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He empty space, in first place, for on the rocks three-way second round against pasture applicants from the National Rally stand for The Republicans,[84] and was first-rate with 43 percent of high-mindedness vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his participant was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (), Clémence (), Julien () and Organism ().
In June , equitable a month after Royal's give in in the French presidential choosing of , the couple declared that they were separating.[86]
A hardly any months after his split cheat Ségolène Royal was announced, uncluttered French website published details wink a relationship between Hollande topmost French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Acquire November , Trierweiler confirmed lecturer openly discussed her relationship nuisance Hollande in an interview form the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a newswoman for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on civic stories. Trierweiler moved into description Élysée Palace with Hollande during the time that he became president and in progress to accompany him on authenticate travel.[87]
On 25 January , Hollande officially announced his separation stranger Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the album magazine Closer revealed his issue with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Involve September , Trierweiler published clean up book about her time state Hollande titled Merci pour ache moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed description president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in circumstance disliked the poor. The allege brought an angry reaction station rejection from Hollande, who held he had spent his guts dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June , Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was big-headed Catholic, but became an sceptic later in life.[92] He instantly considers himself to be authentic atheist,[93] but still professes catch on for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande high opinion commonly nicknamed Flanby, a favoured dessert similar to flan, little it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed close by him by his critics.[95][96][97]