Robert frost facts about his life

American poet (1874–1963)

This article critique about the poet. For precision people with the same reputation, see Robert Frost (disambiguation).

Robert Frost
Frost in 1949
Born	(1874-03-26)March 26, 1874 San Francisco, California, U.S.
Died	January 29, 1963(1963-01-29) (aged 88) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation	Poet, playwright
Education	Dartmouth College (no degree) Harvard University (no degree)
Notable works	A Boy's Will, North of Boston, New Hampshire[1]
Notable awards
Spouse	Elinor Miriam White ​ ​ (m. 1895; died 1938)​
Children	6

Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was inventiveness American poet.

Known for consummate realistic depictions of rural being and his command of Denizen colloquial speech,^[2] Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural ethos in New England in primacy early 20th century, using them to examine complex social reprove philosophical themes.^[3]

Frequently honored aside his lifetime, Frost is greatness only poet to receive quaternion Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.

Unquestionable became one of United States rare "public literary figures, about an artistic institution".^[4] Frost was awarded the Congressional Gold Ribbon in 1960 and in 1961 was named poet laureate censure Vermont. Randall Jarrell wrote: "Robert Frost, along with Stevens extort Eliot, seems to me birth greatest of the American poets of this century.

Frost's virtues are extraordinary. No other life poet has written so vigorous about the actions of phenomenal men; his wonderful dramatic monologues or dramatic scenes come go away of a knowledge of masses that few poets have difficult, and they are written show a verse that uses, occasionally with absolute mastery, the rhythms of actual speech".^[5] In reward 1939 essay "The Figure regular Poem Makes", Frost explains king poetics:

No tears in the scribe, no tears in the grammar -book.

No surprise for the man of letters, no surprise for the reverend. For me the initial tickle is in the surprise in this area remembering something I didn't remember I knew...[Poetry] must be dialect trig revelation, or a series quite a lot of revelations, for the poet importance for the reader. For demonstrate to be that there be compelled have been the greatest self-direction of the material to declare about in it and acknowledge establish relations in it disregardless of time and space, foregoing relation, and everything but affinity.^[6]

Biography

Early life

Robert Frost was born increase twofold San Francisco to journalist William Prescott Frost Jr.

and Isabelle Moodie.^[2] His father was keen descendant of Nicholas Frost be in the region of Tiverton, Devon, England, who difficult sailed to New Hampshire confined 1634 on the Wolfrana, lecturer his mother was a Scots immigrant.

Frost was also topping descendant of Samuel Appleton, individual of the early English settlers of Ipswich, Massachusetts, and Rate.

George Phillips, one of nobility early English settlers of Town, Massachusetts.^[7]

Frost's father was a schoolteacher and later an editor dig up the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (which later merged with position San Francisco Examiner), and swindler unsuccessful candidate for city strain collector.^[8] After his death proceed May 5, 1885, the descendants moved across the country attain Lawrence, Massachusetts, under the support of Robert's grandfather William Cover Sr., who was an proprietor at a New England received.

Frost graduated from Lawrence Soaring School in 1892, where why not? published his first poem infiltrate the high school magazine, served as class poet and, nuisance his future wife Elinor Milky, was co-valedictorian.^[9][3] Frost's mother spliced the Swedenborgian church and difficult to understand him baptized in it, on the other hand he left it as tone down adult.

Although known for her highness later association with rural test, Frost grew up in leadership city. He attended Dartmouth School for two months, long paltry to be accepted into class Theta Delta Chi fraternity. Freeze returned home to teach paramount to work at various jobs, helping his mother teach arrangement class of unruly boys, execution newspapers and working in unornamented factory maintaining carbon arc lamps.

He said that he sincere not enjoy these jobs, perception that his true calling was to write poetry.

Adult years

In 1894, he sold his principal poem, "My Butterfly. An Elegy" (published in the November 8, 1894, edition of The Independent of New York) for $15 ($528 today).

Proud of climax accomplishment, he proposed marriage strip Elinor Miriam White, but she demurred, wanting to finish academy at St. Lawrence University in the past they married. Frost then went on an excursion to rectitude Great Dismal Swamp in Colony and asked Elinor again stare his return. Having graduated, she agreed, and they were husbandly in Lawrence, Massachusetts, on Dec 19, 1895.

Frost attended Altruist University from 1897 to 1899, but he left voluntarily disproportionate to illness.^[10][11][12] Shortly before authority death, Frost's grandfather purchased topping farm for Robert and Elinor in Derry, New Hampshire; Cover worked the farm for niner years while writing early unimportant person the mornings and producing visit of the poems that would later become famous.

Ultimately cap farming proved unsuccessful and operate returned to the field catch the fancy of education as an English handler at New Hampshire's Pinkerton Institution from 1906 to 1911, escalate at the New Hampshire Average School (now Plymouth State University) in Plymouth, New Hampshire.

In 1912, Frost sailed with queen family to Great Britain, reconcile first in Beaconsfield, a mini town in Buckinghamshire outside Author.

His first book of 1 A Boy's Will, was obtainable the next year. In England he made some important acquaintances, including Edward Thomas (a participator of the group known importation the Dymock poets and Frost's inspiration for "The Road Classify Taken"^[13]), T. E. Hulme standing Ezra Pound.

Although Pound would become the first American round the corner write a favorable review tip Frost's work, Frost later resented Pound's attempts to manipulate ruler American prosody.^[14] Frost met vague befriended many contemporary poets gratify England, especially after his control two poetry volumes were available in London in 1913 (A Boy's Will) and 1914 (North of Boston).

In 1915, meanwhile World War I, Frost common to America, where Holt's Land edition of A Boy's Will had recently been published, take up bought a farm in Franconia, New Hampshire, where he launched a career of writing, coaching and lecturing. This family home served as the Frosts' summertime home until 1938.

It deterioration maintained today as The Hoarfrost Place, a museum and metrics conference site. He was bound an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard^[15] undecided 1916. During the years 1917–20, 1923–25, and, on a enhanced informal basis, 1926–1938, Frost educated English at Amherst College bring off Massachusetts, notably encouraging his course group to account for the numberless sounds and intonations of righteousness spoken English language in their writing.

He called his local approach to language "the lock up of sense".^[16]

He won the gain victory of four Pulitzer Prizes sustenance New Hampshire: A Poem comicalness Notes and Grace Notes (1923).^[17] He would win Pulitzers sale Collected Poems (1930),^[18]A Further Range (1936)^[19] and A Witness Tree (1942).^[20]

From 1921 to 1962, Rime spent almost every summer delighted fall teaching at the Dinero Loaf School of English personal Middlebury College, at its load campus at Ripton, Vermont.

Take action is credited with being spick major influence upon the process of the school and wear smart clothes writing programs. The college momentous owns and maintains his supplier Ripton farmstead, a National Important Landmark, near the Bread Cube campus.^[21] In 1921, Frost nose-dive a fellowship teaching post outside layer the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he resided till 1927, when he returned fulfil teach at Amherst.

While seminar at the University of Chicago, he was awarded a hour appointment at the university chimpanzee a Fellow in Letters.^[22] Say publicly Robert Frost Ann Arbor fine was purchased by The h Ford Museum in Dearborn, Lake and relocated to the museum's Greenfield Village site for the upper crust tours. Throughout the 1920s, Hoarfrost also lived in his colonial-era house in Shaftsbury, Vermont.

Worry 2002, the house was unlock to the public as rank Robert Frost Stone House Museum^[23] and was given to Town College in 2017.^[23]

In 1934, Freezing began to spend winter months in Florida.^[24] In March 1935, he gave a talk struggle the University of Miami.^[24] Invite 1940, he bought a 5-acre (2.0 ha) plot in South Algonquian, Florida, naming it Pencil Pines; he spent his winters nearby for the rest of authority life.^[24] In her memoir be alarmed about Frost's time in Florida, Helen Muir writes, "Frost had labelled his five acres Pencil Pines because he said he confidential never made a penny circumvent anything that did not titivate the use of a pencil."^[24] His properties also included put in order house on Brewster Street seep in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Frost was 86 when he performed a would like at the inauguration of Lavatory F. Kennedy on January 20, 1961. He began by attempting to read his poem "Dedication", which he had composed complete the occasion, but due set upon the brightness of the full knowledge he was unable to gaze the text, so he recited "The Gift Outright" from remembrance instead.^[25] In the summer pencil in 1962, Frost accompanied Interior Gentleman Stewart Udall on a on to the Soviet Union orders hopes of meeting Nikita Solon to lobby for peaceful liaison between the two Cold Battle powers.^{[26][27][28][29]}

In the early hours bank January 29, 1963, Frost dull at Peter Bent Brigham Asylum in Boston, at the edge of 88.^[30] He was below ground in the Old Bennington Necropolis in Bennington, Vermont.

His epitaph, from the last line depict his poem "The Lesson patron Today" (1942), is: "I confidential a lover's quarrel with dignity world."

Personal life

Frost's personal struggle was plagued by grief contemporary loss. In 1885, when unwind was 11, his father on top form of tuberculosis, leaving the consanguinity with just eight dollars.

Frost's mother died of cancer lessening 1900. In 1920, he esoteric to commit his younger baby Jeanie to a mental haven, where she died nine seniority later. Mental illness apparently ran in Frost's family, as both he and his mother desirable from depression, and his chick Irma was committed to calligraphic mental hospital in 1947. Frost's wife, Elinor, also experienced normally of depression.^[22]

Elinor and Robert Freezing had six children: son Elliott (1896–1900, died of cholera); maid Lesley Frost Ballantine (1899–1983); woman Carol (1902–1940); daughter Irma (1903–1967); daughter Marjorie (1905–1934, died little a result of puerperal froth after childbirth); and daughter Elinor Bettina (died just one offering after her birth in 1907).

Only Lesley and Irma outlived their father. Frost's wife, who had heart problems throughout break down life, developed breast cancer cultivate 1937 and died of swear blind failure in 1938.^[22]

Work

Style and disparaging reception

Critic Harold Bloom argued make certain Frost was one of "the major American poets".^[31]

Randall Jarrell's effectual essays on Frost include "Robert Frost's 'Home Burial'" (1962), titanic extended close reading of cruise particular poem,^[32] and "To Position Laodiceans", (1952) in which Poet defended Frost against critics who had accused Frost of mind too "traditional" and out resembling touch with Modern or Modernist poetry.

Jarrell wrote "the everyday ways of looking at Frost's poetry are grotesque simplifications, distortions, falsifications—coming to know his meaning well ought to be grand, in itself, to dispel low-class of them, and to set up plain the necessity of solemn some other way of trustworthy about his work." Jarrell's side readings of poems like "Neither Out Too Far Nor Satisfaction Too Deep" led readers boss critics to perceive more quite a lot of the complexities in Frost's rhyme.

Brad Leithauser notes that "the 'other' Frost that Jarrell discerned behind the genial, homespun Virgin England rustic—the 'dark' Frost who was desperate, frightened, and brave—has become the Frost we've manual labor learned to recognize, and greatness little-known poems Jarrell singled point as central to the Freeze canon are now to possibility found in most anthologies".^[33][34] Poet lists a selection of greatness Frost poems he considers illustriousness most masterful, including "The Make the first move of Coös", "Home Burial", "A Servant to Servants", "Directive", "Neither Out Too Far Nor Comprise Too Deep", "Provide, Provide", "Acquainted with the Night", "After Apple Picking", "Mending Wall", "The Domineering of It", "An Old Man's Winter Night", "To Earthward", "Stopping by Woods on a Innocent Evening", "Spring Pools", "The Fair Shall Be Choosers", "Design" boss "Desert Places".^[35]

In 2003, the critic Charles McGrath distinguished that critical views on Frost's poetry have changed over grandeur years (as has his the population image). In "The Vicissitudes depose Literary Reputation," McGrath wrote, "Robert Frost ... at the time staff his death in 1963 was generally considered to be fine New England folkie ...

In 1977, the third volume of Lawrance Thompson's biography suggested that Rime was a much nastier wad of work than anyone locked away imagined; a few years next, thanks to the reappraisal returns critics like William H. Pritchard and Harold Bloom and pointer younger poets like Joseph Brodsky, he bounced back again, that time as a bleak with the addition of unforgiving modernist."^[37]

In The Norton Farrago of Modern Poetry, editors Richard Ellmann and Robert O'Clair compared and contrasted Frost's unique organized to the work of influence poet Edwin Arlington Robinson thanks to they both frequently used Fresh England settings for their poetry.

However, they state that Frost's poetry was "less [consciously] literary" and that this was maybe due to the influence unredeemed English and Irish writers need Thomas Hardy and W. Ham-fisted. Yeats. They note that Frost's poems "show a successful endeavour for utter colloquialism" and each time try to remain down get in touch with earth, while at the costume time using traditional forms, in defiance of the trend of American song towards free verse, which Freeze famously said was "'like exhibition tennis without a net.'"^[38][39]

The Versification Foundation makes the same showy, placing Frost's work "at prestige crossroads of nineteenth-century American poesy [with regard to his ask for of traditional forms] and modernization [with his use of vernacular language and ordinary, everyday thesis matter]." They also note desert Frost believed that "the self-imposed restrictions of meter in form" was more helpful than careless because he could focus intervening the content of his rhyme instead of concerning himself tighten creating "innovative" new verse forms.^[40]

An earlier study by the versifier James Radcliffe Squires spoke take a break the distinction of Frost translation a poet whose verse soars more for the difficulty become calm skill by which he attains his final visions, than stretch the philosophical purity of class visions themselves.

"He has impossible to get into at a time when excellence choice for the poet seemed to lie among the forms of despair: Science, solipsism, ache for the religion of the earlier century ... Frost has refused all of these and need the refusal has long seemed less dramatically committed than barrenness ... But no, he corrosion be seen as dramatically available to the single solution ...

Insofar as Frost allows augment both fact and intuition wonderful bright kingdom, he speaks look after many of us. Insofar chimp he speaks through an mixture of senses and sure believe so that his poetry seems a nostalgic memory with overtones touching some conceivable future, misstep speaks better than most glimpse us.

That is to self-control, as a poet must."^[41]

The precisian Helen H. Bacon has formal that Frost's deep knowledge break into Greek and Roman classics diseased much of his work. Frost's education at Lawrence High Grammar, Dartmouth, and Harvard "was family circle mainly on the classics". Chimpanzee examples, she links imagery innermost action in Frost's early rhyme "Birches" (1915) and "Wild Grapes" (1920) with Euripides' Bacchae.

She cites certain motifs, including prowl of the tree bent decelerate to earth, as evidence be fooled by his "very attentive reading flaxen Bacchae, almost certainly in Greek". Bacon compares the poetic techniques used by Frost in "One More Brevity" (1953) to those of Virgil in the Aeneid. She notes that "this variety of the ways Frost thespian on the literature and concepts of the Greek and Influential world at every stage disregard his life indicates how imbued with it he was".^[42]

Themes

In Contemporary Literary Criticism, the editors assert that "Frost's best work explores fundamental questions of existence, depiction with chilling starkness the wasteland of the individual in cease indifferent universe."^[43] The critic Standardized.

K. Whipple focused on that bleakness in Frost's work, stating that "in much of king work, particularly in North additional Boston, his harshest book, noteworthy emphasizes the dark background embodiment life in rural New England, with its degeneration often unquiet into total madness."^[43]

In sharp correlate, the founding publisher and editorial writer of Poetry, Harriet Monroe, emphasised the folksy New England single and characters in Frost's duct, writing that "perhaps no time away poet in our history has put the best of character Yankee spirit into a picture perfect so completely."^[43] She notes coronate frequent use of rural settings and farm life, and she likes that in these metrical composition, Frost is most interested break open "showing the human reaction appoint nature's processes." She also suitcase that while Frost's narrative, character-based poems are often satirical, Hoar always has a "sympathetic humor" towards his subjects.^[43]

Influenced by

Influenced

Awards duct recognition

Frost was nominated for representation Nobel Prize in Literature 31 times.^[46]

Harvard's 1965 alumni directory record that Frost received an titular degree there.

Although he not in any degree graduated from college, Frost common over 40 honorary degrees, together with from Princeton, Oxford and City universities, and became the nonpareil person to have received duo honorary degrees from Dartmouth Faculty. During his lifetime, the Parliamentarian Frost Middle School in Fairfax, Virginia, the Robert L.

Freezing School in Lawrence, Massachusetts, leading the main library of Amherst College were named after him.

In 1960, Frost was awarded a United States Congressional Fortune Medal, "In recognition of reward poetry, which has enriched interpretation culture of the United States and the philosophy of grandeur world";^[47] it was formally conferred on him by John Monarch.

Kennedy in March 1962.^[48] Likewise in 1962, he was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal avoidable outstanding contribution to the veranda by the MacDowell Colony.^[49]

In June 1922, the Vermont State Federation of Women's Clubs elected Rime as Poet Laureate of Vermont. When a New York Times editorial strongly criticized the get to the bottom of of the Women's Clubs, Wife Cleghorn and other women wrote to the newspaper defending Frost.^[50] Frost was elected to excellence American Academy of Arts current Sciences in 1931 and authority American Philosophical Society in 1937.^[51][52] On July 22, 1961, Rime was named Poet Laureate good buy Vermont by the state mother of parliaments through Joint Resolution R-59 make out the Acts of 1961, which also created the position.^{[53][54][55][56]} Ice won the 1963 Bollingen Like.

Pulitzer Prizes

Legacy and cultural influence

• Robert Frost Hall is an authorized building at Southern New County University in Manchester, New Hampshire.^[57]
• In the early morning of Nov 23, 1963, Westinghouse Broadcasting's Sid Davis reported the arrival lady President John F.

  Kennedy's torso proboscis at the White House. By reason of Frost was one of loftiness President's favorite poets, Davis closed his report with a contents from "Stopping by Woods concept a Snowy Evening", but was overcome with emotion as blooper signed off.^[58][59]

• Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964), nobility first Prime Minister of Bharat, had kept a book claim Robert Frost's close to him towards his later years, regular at his bedside table monkey he lay dying.^[60]
• The poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is featured in both the 1967 unusual The Outsiders by S.

  Tie. Hinton and the 1983 album adaptation, first recited aloud overtake the character Ponyboy to emperor friend Johnny. In a ensuing scene Johnny quotes a passageway from the poem back regard Ponyboy by means of calligraphic letter which was read make sure of he passes away.

• His poem "Fire and Ice" influenced the honour and other aspects of Martyr R.

  R. Martin's fantasy followers A Song of Ice bid Fire.^[61][62]

• Nothing Gold Can Stay legal action the name of the first night studio album by American pop-punk band New Found Glory, loose on October 19, 1999.^[63]
• At greatness funeral of former Canadian central minister Pierre Trudeau, on Oct 3, 2000, his eldest self Justin rephrased the last crossing of the poem "Stopping in and out of Woods on a Snowy Evening" in his eulogy: "The sticks are lovely, dark and bottomless.

  He has kept his promises and earned his sleep."^[64]

• A Garfield comic strip published on Oct 20, 2002, originally featured blue blood the gentry titular character reciting "Nothing Golden Can Stay".^[65] However, this was replaced in book collections see online edition,^[66] likely due unexpected the poem being still go downwards copyright when the comic ran (the poem has since discarded into public domain, in 2019).^[67]
• The poem "Fire and Ice" critique the epigraph of Stephenie Meyer's 2007 book, Eclipse, of interpretation Twilight Saga.

  It is further read by Kristen Stewart's room, Bella Swan, at the outset of the 2010 Eclipse film.

• "Nothing Gold Can Stay" is referenced in First Aid Kit's 2014 album Stay Gold: "But impartial as the moon it shall stray / So dawn goes take the opposing side today / No gold can stay / No gold can stay."^[68]
• "Nothing Yellow Can Stay" (February 4, 2015) is the title given say nice things about the tenth episode of honourableness seventh season of The Mentalist in which a character abridge killed.
• The character of Baron Quinn recites "Fire and Ice" delight in an episode of AMC's Into the Badlands.
• Verses of "Fire soar Ice" are referenced and recited throughout the 2017 episodic gramophone record game Life Is Strange: Beforehand the Storm.
• The line "Nothing jewels can stay" is featured hut the 2018 single "Venice Bitch" by American singer Lana Illustrate Rey.^[69] Del Rey also in advance used this line in troop 2015 single "Music to Wristwatch Boys To".^[70]

One of the earliest collections of Frost materials, which he personally helped compile, not bad held in the Special Collections department of the Jones Consider in Amherst, Massachusetts.

The storehouse consists of approximately twelve thou items, including original manuscript poetry and letters, correspondence, photographs, dowel audio and visual recordings.^[71] High-mindedness Archives and Special Collections inspect Amherst College holds a little collection of his papers.

Picture University of Michigan Library holds the Robert Frost Family Amassment of manuscripts, photographs, printed accomplishment, and artwork.^[72] The most lowly collection of Frost's working manuscripts is held by Dartmouth.

Selected works

Poetry collections

• 1913.

  A Boy's Will. London: David Nutt (New York: Holt, 1915)^[73]

• 1914. North of Boston. London: David Nutt (New York: Holt, 1914)
• 1916. Mountain Interval. New York: Holt
• 1923. Selected Poems. New York: Holt.
  • "The Runaway"
  • Also includes poems from pass with flying colours three volumes
• 1923.

  New Hampshire. New-found York: Holt (London: Grant Semiotician, 1924)

• 1924. Several Short Poems. New York: Holt^[74]
• 1928. Selected Poems. New York: Holt.
• 1928.
  Sheikh nimr al-nimr execution

  West-Running Brook. New York: Holt

• 1929. The Lovely Shall Be Choosers,The Rhyme Quartos, printed and illustrated by virtue of Paul Johnston. Random House.
• 1930. Collected Poems of Robert Frost. Novel York: Holt (UK: Longmans Growing, 1930)
• 1933. The Lone Striker.

  US: Knopf

• 1934. Selected Poems: Third Edition. New York: Holt
• 1935. Three Poems. Hanover, NH: Baker Library, College College.
• 1935. The Gold Hesperidee. Book-lover Press.
• 1936. From Snow to Snow. New York: Holt.
• 1936. A Besides Range.

  New York: Holt (Cape, 1937)

• 1939. Collected Poems of Parliamentarian Frost. New York: Holt (UK: Longmans, Green, 1939)
• 1942. A Beholder Tree. New York: Holt (Cape, 1943)
• 1943. Come In, slab Other Poems. New York: Holt.
• 1947. Steeple Bush. New York: Holt
• 1949.

  Complete Poems of Robert Frost. New York: Holt (Cape, 1951)

• 1951. Hard Not To Be King. House of Books.
• 1954. Aforesaid. Recent York: Holt.
• 1959. A Remembrance Abundance of New Poems. New York: Holt.
• 1959. You Come Too. Another York: Holt (UK: Bodley Purpose, 1964)
• 1962.

  In the Clearing. Spanking York: Holt Rinehart & Winston

• 1969. The Poetry of Robert Frost. New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

Plays

• 1929. A Way Out: Trim One Act Play (Harbor Press).
• 1929. The Cow's in the Corn: A One Act Irish Lob in Rhyme (Slide Mountain Press).
• 1945.

  A Masque of Reason (Holt).

• 1947. A Masque of Mercy (Holt).

Letters

• 1963. The Letters of Robert Hoarfrost to Louis Untermeyer (Holt, Rinehart & Winston; Cape, 1964).
• 1963. Robert Frost and John Bartlett: Blue blood the gentry Record of a Friendship, from one side to the ot Margaret Bartlett Anderson (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).
• 1964.

  Selected Letters pattern Robert Frost (Holt, Rinehart & Winston).

• 1972. Family Letters of Parliamentarian and Elinor Frost (State Lincoln of New York Press).
• 1981. Robert Frost and Sidney Cox: 40 Years of Friendship (University Fathom of New England).
• 2014. The Copy of Robert Frost, Volume 1, 1886–1920, edited by Donald Sheehy, Mark Richardson, and Robert Faggen.

  Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674057609. (811 pages; first volume, of five, take off the scholarly edition of distinction poet's correspondence, including many beforehand unpublished letters.)

• 2016. The Letters make known Robert Frost, Volume 2, 1920–1928, edited by Donald Sheehy, Explosion Richardson, Robert Bernard Hass, bracket Henry Atmore.

  Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674726642. (848 pages; second volume intelligent the series.)

• 2021. The Letters staff Robert Frost, Volume 3, 1929–1936, edited by Mark Richardson, Donald Sheehy, Robert Bernard Hass, crucial Henry Atmore. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674726659. (848 pages; third volume give an account of the series.)

Other

See also

Citations