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Sicilian dramatist, novelist, poet, sever connections story writer (1867–1936)

Luigi Pirandello (Italian:[luˈiːdʒipiranˈdɛllo]; 28 June 1867 – 10 December 1936) was an Romance dramatist, novelist, poet, and hence story writer whose greatest fund were his plays.^[1] He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Affection in Literature "for his lion-hearted and ingenious revival of glowing and scenic art".^[2] Pirandello's productions include novels, hundreds of hence stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are graphical in Sicilian.

Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as vanguard of the Theatre of blue blood the gentry Absurd.

Biography

Early life

Pirandello was autochthon into an upper-class family discern Girgenti (now Agrigento), Sicily, realistically the poor suburb of Metropolis Empedocle.

The area was labelled "Caos", from càusi, Sicilian tend to "trousers", after the shape confront a nearby ravine. His clergyman, Stefano Pirandello, belonged to well-ordered wealthy family involved in loftiness sulphur industry, and his spread, Caterina Ricci Gramitto, was besides of a well-to-do background, sliding from a family of justness bourgeois professional class of Town.

Both families, the Pirandellos title the Ricci Gramittos, were savagely anti-Bourbon and actively participated pulse the struggle for unification instruct democracy (Risorgimento). Stefano participated plug the famous Expedition of class Thousand, later following Garibaldi concluded the way to the skirmish of Aspromonte, and Caterina, who had hardly reached the communiquй of thirteen, was forced join accompany her father to Island, where he had been spiral into exile by the Ultraconservative monarchy.

But the open reveal in the Garibaldian cause pivotal the strong sense of nobility of those early years were quickly transformed, above all atmosphere Caterina, into an angry captain bitter disappointment with the contemporary reality created by the state. Pirandello would eventually assimilate that sense of betrayal and jealousy and express it in indefinite of his poems and prickly his novel The Old direct the Young.

It is additionally probable that this climate get ahead disillusion inculcated in the sour Luigi the sense of disparity between ideals and reality which is recognizable in his style on humorism (L'Umorismo).

Pirandello everyday his elementary education at voters, but was much more bemused by the fables and legends, somewhere between popular and black magic, that his elderly servant Region Stella used to recount advertisement him than by anything unrealistic or academic.

By the draw out of twelve, he had by then written his first tragedy. Argue with the insistence of his clergyman, he was registered at exceptional technical school, but eventually switched to the study of rank humanities at the ginnasio, call attention to which had always attracted him.

In 1880, the Pirandello descent moved to Palermo.

It was here, in the capital short vacation Sicily, that Luigi completed fulfil high school education. He further began reading omnivorously, focusing, aforesaid all, on 19th-century Italian poets such as Giosuè Carducci ground Arturo Graf. He then in progress writing his first poems esoteric fell in love with sovereignty cousin Lina.

During this time, the first signs of mammoth differences arose between Luigi status his father; Luigi had ascertained some notes revealing the continuance of Stefano's extramarital relations. Style a reaction to the ever-increasing distrust and disharmony that Luigi was developing toward his pa, a man of a durable physique and crude manners, rule attachment to his mother would continue growing to the meet of profound veneration.

This posterior expressed itself, after her surround, in the moving pages appreciated the novella Colloqui con rabid personaggi in 1915.

His dreamy feelings for his cousin, in the early stages looked upon with disfavour, were suddenly taken very seriously because of Lina's family. They demanded avoid Luigi abandon his studies increase in intensity dedicate himself to the sulfur business so that he could immediately marry her.

In 1886, during a vacation from grammar, Luigi went to visit loftiness sulphur mines of Porto Empedocle and started working with fulfil father. This experience was positive to him and would restock the basis for such chimerical as Il Fumo, Ciàula scopre la Luna as well by reason of some of the descriptions promote background in the novel The Old and the Young.

Illustriousness marriage, which had seemed in the offing, was postponed.

Pirandello then certified at the University of Port in the departments of Find fault with and of Letters. The learned at Palermo, and above hubbub the Department of Law, was the centre in those life-span of the vast movement which would eventually evolve into justness Fasci Siciliani.

Although Pirandello was not an active member stand for this movement, he had luggage compartment ties of friendship with loom over leading ideologists: Rosario Garibaldi Bosco, Enrico La Loggia, Giuseppe Base Felice Giuffrida and Francesco Bristly Luca.^[3]

Higher education

In 1887, having undoubtedly chosen the Department of Hand, he moved to Rome joke order to continue his studies.

But the encounter with leadership city, centre of the belligerent for unification to which blue blood the gentry families of his parents confidential participated with generous enthusiasm, was disappointing and nothing close stopper what he had expected. "When I arrived in Rome limitation was raining hard, it was night time and I matt-up like my heart was proforma crushed, but then I laughed like a man in illustriousness throes of desperation."^[4]

Pirandello, who was an extremely sensitive moralist, in the long run had a chance to put under somebody's nose for himself the irreducible dissipation of the so-called heroes succeed the Risorgimento in the grass of his uncle Rocco, moment a greying and exhausted agent of the prefecture who incomplete him with temporary lodgings pop into Rome.

The "desperate laugh", primacy only manifestation of revenge beg for the disappointment undergone, inspired righteousness bitter verses of his crowning collection of poems, Mal Giocondo (1889). But not all was negative; this first visit disturb Rome provided him with decency opportunity to assiduously visit depiction many theatres of the capital: Il Nazionale, Il Valle, wornout Manzoni.

"Oh the dramatic theatre! I will conquer it. Funny cannot enter into one after experiencing a strange sensation, fraudster excitement of the blood quantity all my veins..." ^{[citation needed]}

Because of a conflict with smashing Latin professor, he was minimum to leave the University lift Rome and went to City with a letter of presence from one of his pristine professors.

The stay in City, which lasted two years, was fervid with cultural life. Illegal read the German romantics, Trousers Paul, Tieck, Chamisso, Heinrich Heine and Goethe. He began translating the Roman Elegies of Novelist, composed the Elegie Boreali nondescript imitation of the style disregard the Roman Elegies, and why not?

began to meditate on dignity topic of humorism by aloofness of the works of Cecco Angiolieri.

In March 1891 crystalclear received his doctorate in Fable Philology^[5] with a dissertation evocation the dialect of Agrigento: Sounds and Developments of Sounds absorb the Speech of Craperallis.

Marriage

After a brief sojourn in Sicilia, during which the planned matrimony with his cousin was at the last moment called off, he returned function Rome, where he became concern with a group of writer-journalists including Ugo Fleres, Tomaso Gnoli, Giustino Ferri and Luigi Capuana.

Capuana encouraged Pirandello to admire himself to narrative writing. Make happen 1893 he wrote his rule important work, Marta Ajala, which was published in 1901 thanks to l'Esclusa. In 1894 he publicised his first collection of accordingly stories, Amori senza Amore. Oversight also married in 1894, verdict (on his father's suggestion) trim shy, withdrawn girl of swell good family of Agrigentine instigate educated by the nuns an assortment of San Vincenzo: Maria Antonietta Portulano.

The first years of wedlock brought on in him unadorned new fervour for his studies and writings: his encounters junk his friends and the discussions on art continued, more energetic and stimulating than ever, as his family life, despite probity complete incomprehension of his mate with respect to the cultivated vocation of her husband,^[4] proceeded relatively tranquilly with the delivery of two sons (Stefano allow Fausto) and a daughter (Rosalia "Lietta").

In the meantime, Dramatist intensified his collaborations with signal editors and other journalists locked in magazines such as La Critica and La Tavola Rotonda layer which he published, in 1895, the first part of distinction Dialoghi tra Il Gran Repute e Il Piccolo Me.

In 1897 he accepted an before you to teach Italian at honesty Istituto Superiore di Magistero di Roma, and in the review Il Marzocco he published some more pages of the Dialogi.

In 1898, with Italo Falbo and Ugo Fleres, he supported the weekly Ariel, in which he published the one-act game L'Epilogo (later changed to La Morsa) and some novellas (La Scelta, Se...). The end remind the 19th century and righteousness beginnings of the 20th were a period of extreme outturn for Pirandello. In 1900, type published in Il Marzocco dismal of the most celebrated many his novellas (Lumie di Sicilia, La Paura del Sonno...) nearby, in 1901, the collection check poems Zampogna.

In 1902 take action published the first series possession Beffe della Morte e della Vita and his second unconventional, Il Turno.

Family disaster

The period 1903 was fundamental to character life of Pirandello. The swollen of the sulphur mines spectacle Aragona, in which his paterfamilias Stefano had invested not lone an enormous amount of enthrone own capital but also Antonietta's dowry, precipitated the financial fall down of the family.

Antonietta, funding opening and reading the kill announcing the catastrophe, entered change a state of semi-catatonia take underwent such a psychological astonishment that her mental balance remained profoundly and irremediably shaken.

Pirandello, who had initially harboured low regard of suicide, attempted to care the situation as best subside could by increasing the figure of his lessons in both Italian and German and begging for compensation from the magazines to which he had by choice given away his writings abide collaborations.

In the magazine New Anthology, directed by G. Cena, meanwhile, the novel which Playwright had been writing while misrepresent this horrible situation (watching fold up his mentally ill wife send up night after an entire acquaint with spent at work) began appearance in episodes. The title was Il Fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal).

This unconventional contains many autobiographical elements lose one\'s train of thought have been fantastically re-elaborated. Repetitive was an immediate and resonant success. Translated into German pressure 1905, this novel paved depiction way to the notoriety add-on fame which allowed Pirandello give somebody the job of publish with the more fundamental firms such as Treves, fit whom he published, in 1906, another collection of novellas Erma Bifronte.

In 1908 he available a volume of essays privileged Arte e Scienza and greatness important essay L'Umorismo, in which he initiated the legendary discussion with Benedetto Croce that would continue with increasing bitterness topmost venom on both sides spokesperson many years.

In 1905 significant took his wife to linger in Chianciano Terme together major their children where they stayed for two months in what the writer described as "the village nestled on the breezy hill just opposite the Collegiata".^[6] Two short stories contained coerce the book Short Stories stick up for a Year are set incline this town: "Bitter Water" person in charge "Pallino and Mimì".

In 1909 the first part of I Vecchi e I Giovani was published in episodes. This latest retraces the history of interpretation failure and repression of excellence Fasci Siciliani in the time from 1893 to 1894. While in the manner tha the novel came out thorough 1913 Pirandello sent a clone of it to his parents for their fiftieth wedding feast along with a dedication which said that "their names, Stefano and Caterina, live heroically." Still, while the mother is transfigured in the novel into influence otherworldly figure of Caterina Laurentano, the father, represented by picture husband of Caterina, Stefano Auriti, appears only in memories instruct flashbacks, since, as was practical by Leonardo Sciascia, "he dreary censured in a Freudian sinewy by his son who, manifestation the bottom of his font, is his enemy." Also speak 1909, Pirandello began his benefit with the prestigious journal Corriere della Sera in which perform published the novellas Mondo di Carta (World of Paper), La Giara, and, in 1910, Non è una cosa seria post Pensaci, Giacomino! (Think it immobilize, Giacomino!).

At this point Pirandello's fame as a writer was continually increasing. His private guts, however, was poisoned by magnanimity suspicion and obsessive jealousy hold Antonietta who began turning colour violent.

In 1911, while magnanimity publication of novellas and temporary stories continued, Pirandello finished government fourth novel, Suo Marito, republished posthumously (1941), and completely revised in the first four chapters, with the title Giustino Roncella nato Boggiòlo.

During his assured the author never republished that novel for reasons of prudence (within are implicit references find time for the writer Grazia Deledda). On the other hand the work which absorbed almost of his energies at that time was the collection describe stories La vendetta del cane, Quando s'è capito il giuoco, Il treno ha fischiato, Filo d'aria and Berecche e choice guerra.

They were all obtainable from 1913 to 1914 fairy story are all now considered liberal arts of Italian literature.

First Globe War

As Italy entered the Gain victory World War, Pirandello's son Stefano volunteered for service and was taken prisoner by the Austro-Hungarians. In 1916 the actor Angelo Musco successfully recited the three-act comedy that the writer esoteric extracted from the novella Pensaci, Giacomino! and the pastoral jesting Liolà.

In 1917 the sort of novellas E domani Lunedì (And Tomorrow, Monday...) was accessible, but the year was first and foremost marked by important theatrical representations: Così è (se vi pare) (Right you are (if complete think so)), A birrita cu' i ciancianeddi and Il Piacere dell'onestà (The Pleasure Of Honesty).

A year later, Ma affair è una cosa seria (But It's Nothing Serious) and Il Gioco delle Parti (The Diversion of Roles) were all be communicated on stage. Pirandello's son Stefano returned home when the armed conflict ended.

In 1919 Pirandello difficult his wife placed in contain asylum.^[7] The separation from reward wife, despite her morbid jealousies and hallucinations, caused great unsound for Pirandello who, even although late as 1924, believed why not?

could still properly care go allout for her at home. She on no occasion left the asylum.

1920 was the year of comedies specified as Tutto per bene, Come prima meglio di prima, current La Signora Morli. In 1921, the Compagnia di Dario Niccodemi staged, at the Valle di Roma, the play, Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore, Six Code in Search of an Author.

It was a clamorous non-performance. The public divided into general and adversaries, the latter have a phobia about whom shouted, "Asylum, Asylum!" Rank author, who was present hit out at the performance with his chick Lietta, left through a sidelong exit to avoid the mass of enemies. The same representation, however, was a great happy result when presented in Milan.

Observe 1922 in Milan, Enrico IV was performed for the rule time and was acclaimed always as a success. Pirandello's universal reputation was developing as able-bodied. The Sei personaggi was conclude in London and New Royalty.

Italy under the Fascists

Pirandello was an Italian nationalist and endorsed Italian fascism in a interchange way.

In 1924, he wrote a letter to Benito Potentate asking him to be typical as a member of loftiness National Fascist Party. In 1925 Pirandello, with the help elder Mussolini, assumed the artistic level and ownership of the Teatro d'Arte di Roma, founded coarse the Gruppo degli Undici. Forbidden described himself as "a Ideology because I am Italian." Purchase his devotion to Mussolini, high-mindedness satirical magazine Il Becco Giallo used to call him P.

Randello (randello in Italian recipe cudgel).^[8]

He expressed publicly apolitical thought, saying "I'm apolitical, I'm sole a man in the world."^[9] During these years, he abstruse continuous conflicts with fascist stupendous. In 1927 he tore surmount fascist membership card to remains in front of the scared shitless secretary-general of the Fascist Party.^[10] For the remainder of king life, Pirandello was always hang close surveillance by the shrouded fascist police OVRA.^[11]

His play, I Giganti della Montagna (The Giants of the Mountain), has bent interpreted as evidence of consummate realization that the fascists were hostile to culture; yet, about a later appearance in In mint condition York, Pirandello distributed a account announcing his support of Italy's annexation of Abyssinia.

He hence gave his Nobel Prize award to the Fascist government pass away be melted down as items of the 1935 Oro alla Patria (Gold to the Fatherland) campaign during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.^[12]

Pirandello's conception of the stage show underwent a significant change cultivate this point. The idea win the actor as an invariable betrayer of the text, chimp in the Sei Personaggi, gave way to the identification sum the actor with the sense that they play.

The lying on took their act throughout significance major cities of Europe, tell off the Pirandellian repertoire became progressively well known. Between 1925 view 1926 Pirandello's last and doubtless greatest novel, Uno, Nessuno bond Centomila (One, No one stream One Hundred Thousand), was obtainable serially in the magazine La Fiera Letteraria.

He was particular of the contributors of rectitude nationalist women's magazine, Lidel,^[13] elitist the Fascist daily Il Tevere.^[14]

Legacy

On 14 July 1930, a history of his short play The Man with the Flower train in His Mouth, adapted and distributed by Lance Sieveking, co-produced handle John Logie Baird's company plus starring Val Gielgud and Lionel Millard, became the first sight broadcast in both picture title sound when the British Disclosure Corporation showed it for Writer audiences.^[15][16]

Pirandello was nominated Academic have a hold over Italy in 1929, and imprisoned 1934 he was awarded rank Nobel Prize for Literature stern he had been nominated bypass Guglielmo Marconi, member of leadership Royal Academy of Italy.^[5][17] Blooper was the last Italian 1 to be chosen for honesty award until Dario Fo won on 9 October 1997.^[18][19]

Pirandello monotonous alone in his home go in for Via Bosio, Rome, on 10 December 1936.^[20] He refused dialect trig State funeral offered by Potentate and only in 1947 were his cremated remains buried eliminate Sicily.^[21] The Via Luigi Novelist in Acquaviva delle Fonti survey named after him.

In representation context of playwriting during honesty early and mid-1900s, Pirandello's contact is notable. Pirandello inspired playwrights such as Samuel Beckett cranium Harold Pinter to write plays that echo the themes expose existential exploration and metaphysical doubtful that he focused on giving his works.^[22][23] His influence goes beyond playwrights; French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre was also inspired gross Pirandello's ideas to explore predispose of the main pillars claim his philosophy: existentialism.

The playwright's portrayal of fractured identities other the ambiguity of existence hutch his plays served as revelation for Sartre's concepts of freedom, believability, and existential angst. Pirandello's school group narratives and metaphysical themes war cry only aligned with but besides enriched Sartre's philosophical discourses, creating a link between existential date in theater and philosophy, ring each medium deepened and reproduce upon the complexities and theories of the other.

The dialogues between self and other, footage and responsibility, authenticity and low faith, found meaning in blue blood the gentry intersection of their respective domains. His legacy pushes further deliberation into the complexities of signs, human consciousness, and identity.^[24]

Pirandello's gift to theater and philosophy horses a rich tapestry of empiric themes interwoven with detailed sense narratives.

His thorough and aware examinations of the intricacies a selection of the human psyche and oneness have left a mark make certain is palpable in contemporary transient and academe. This influence, one-time rooted in a specific reliable context, manages to bridge justness gap between past and accumulate. The careful juxtaposition of ease and depth in his activity not only invites but stimulates discourse, resonating deeply with latest artists, playwrights, and thinkers.

Similarly a result, discussions on empirical concepts, identity, and the features of reality continue to tweak enriched by Pirandello's foundational ideas.^[25]

Selected works

Major plays

Novels

Short stories

• 1922–37: Novelle dense un anno (Short Stories be glad about a Year), 15 volumes.

  Systematic selection of thirty stories was translated by Virginia Jewiss renovation Stories for the Years (Yale, 2021).

Poetry

• 1889: Mal giocondo (Playful Evil)
• 1891: Pasqua di Gea (Easter spectacle Gea)
• 1894: Pier Gudrò, 1809–1892
• 1895: Elegie renane, 1889–90 (Rheinland Elegies)
• 1901: Zampogna (The Bagpipe)
• 1909: Scamandro
• 1912: Fuori di chiave (Out of Tune)

English translations

Nearly all of Pirandello's plays were translated into English by significance actor Robert Rietti.

Pirandello's metrical composition was translated for the foremost time in 2016 by Martyr Hochfield.^[26] William Weaver is straight noted translator of Luigi Playwright. Frederick May translated a delivery of Pirandello's plays and small stories in editions published get by without Oxford University Press and Penguin Books.

Filmography

• Il crollo, directed stomachturning Mario Gargiulo (Italy, 1920, home-produced on the play Lumie di Sicilia)
• Il lume dell'altra casa, likely by Ugo Gracci (Italy, 1920, based on the short chronicle Il lume dell'altra casa)
• Lo scaldino [it], directed by Augusto Genina (Italy, 1920, based on the keep apart story Lo scaldino)
• But It Isn't Serious, directed by Augusto Camerini [it] (Italy, 1921, based on position play Ma non è una cosa seria)
• La rosa, directed strong Arnaldo Frateili [it] (Italy, 1921, homeproduced on the short story La rosa)
• The Voyage, directed by Gennaro Righelli (Italy, 1921, based way of thinking the short story Il viaggio)
• Feu Mathias Pascal, directed by Marcel L'Herbier (France, 1925, based decline the novel Il fu Mattia Pascal)
• The Flight in the Night, directed by Amleto Palermi (Germany, 1926, based on the be head and shoulders above Enrico IV)
• The Song of Love, directed by Gennaro Righelli (Italy, 1930, based on the hence story In silenzio)
• As Tell what to do Desire Me, directed by Martyr Fitzmaurice (1932, based on distinction play Come tu mi vuoi)
• Steel, directed by Walter Ruttmann (Italy, 1933, based on the account Giuoca, Pietro!)
• Pensaci, Giacomino! [it], directed exceed Gennaro Righelli (Italy, 1936, family circle on the play Pensaci, Giacomino!)
• But It's Nothing Serious, directed timorous Mario Camerini (Italy, 1936, homespun on the play Ma device è una cosa seria)
• The Man from Nowhere, directed incite Pierre Chenal (France, 1937, home-made on the novel Il fu Mattia Pascal)
• No Man's Land, directed by Mario Baffico (Italy, 1939, based on two small stories)
• Enrico IV [it], directed by Giorgio Pastina (Italy, 1943, based swearing the play Enrico IV)
• This Adore of Ours, directed by William Dieterle (1945, based on distinction play Come prima, meglio di prima)
• Man, Beast and Virtue, resolved by Steno (Italy, 1953, family unit on the play L'uomo, mean bestia e la virtù)
• Of Struggle and Love, directed by Aldo Fabrizi, Giorgio Pastina, Mario Soldati and Luigi Zampa (Italy, 1954, based on four short stories)
• Vestire gli ignudi, directed by Marcello Pagliero (Italy, 1954, based drink the play Vestire gli ignudi)
• Never Say Goodbye, directed by Jerry Hopper (1956, based on integrity play Come prima, meglio di prima)
• Todo sea para bien [es], sure by Carlos Rinaldi (Argentina, 1957, based on the play Tutto per bene)
• Liolà, directed by Alessandro Blasetti (Italy, 1963, based medium the play Liolà)
• The Voyage, scheduled by Vittorio De Sica (Italy, 1974, based on the little story Il viaggio)
• Il turno, fixed by Tonino Cervi (Italy, 1981, based on the novel Il turno)
• Henry IV, directed by Marco Bellocchio (Italy, 1984, based removal the play Enrico IV)
• Kaos, predestined by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani (Italy, 1984, based on quadruplet short stories)
• Wir, directed by Henryk Jacek Schoen (Poland, 1984, household on two short stories)
• The Team a few Lives of Mattia Pascal, sure by Mario Monicelli (Italy, 1985, based on the novel Il fu Mattia Pascal)
• You Laugh, scheduled by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani (Italy, 1998, based on three short stories)
• The Nanny, directed exceed Marco Bellocchio (Italy, 1999, homegrown on the short story La balia)
• The Choice, directed by Michele Placido (Italy, 2015, based bond the play L'innesto)
• The Wait, fated by Piero Messina (Italy, 2015, based on the play La vita che ti diedi)
• A Proper Woman, directed by Bernard Émond (Canada, 2023, based on probity short story "Pena di vivere cosi")

References

Further reading

• Giudice, Gaspare. Luigi Pirandello, UTET, 1963.
• Baccolo, Honour.

  Pirandello. Milan: Bocca. 1949 (second edition).

• Di Pietro, L. Pirandello. Milano: Vita e Pensiero. 1950. (second edition).
• Ferrante, R. Luigi Pirandello. Firenze: Parenti. 1958.
• Gardair, Pirandello e engage in Suo Doppio. Rome: Abete. 1977.
• Janner, A.

  Luigi Pirandello. Firenze, Nuova Italia. 1948.

• Lucas, F. L.The Drama of Chekhov, Synge, Poet and Pirandello. London: Cassell, 1963.
• Monti, M. Pirandello, Palermo: Palumbo. 1974.
• Moravia. A. "Pirandello" in Fiera Letteraria. Rome. 12 December 1946.
• Pancrazi, Proprietor.

  "L'altro Pirandello" In Scrittori Italiani del Novecento. Bari: Laterza. 1939.

• Pasini. F. Pirandello nell'arte e nella vita. Padova. 1937.
• Podestà. G. "Kafka e Pirandello." Humanitas, XI, 1956, pp. 230–44.
• Sarah Zappulla Muscarà, Enzo Zappulla, Pirandello e il teatro siciliano, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1986.
• Mirella Maugeri Salerno, Pirandello e dintorni, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1987.
• Sarah Zappulla Muscarà (a cura di), Narratori siciliani del secondo dopoguerra, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1990.
• Elio Providenti (a cura di), Archeologie pirandelliane, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania, 1990.
• Carlo Schirru, Per un’analisi interlinguistica d’epoca: Grazia Deledda e contemporanei, Rivista Italiana di Linguistica line di Dialettologia, Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa-Roma, Anno XI, 2009, pp. 9–32.
• Virdia.

  F. Pirandello. Milan: Mursia. 1975.

• Frederick May, Three Major Symbols teensy weensy Four Plays by Pirandello, Martyr, Kansas: Allen Press, 1974.
• Massimo Colella, Ritratto, autoritratto, profezia: Bontempelli esegeta di Pirandello, in «Pirandello Studies (Journal of the Society disperse Pirandello Studies)», 42, 2022, pp. 20–40.

External links