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Toilers League

Political party in Lebanon

The Toilers League (Arabic: رابطة الشغيلة, romanized: Rabitat al-Shaghila), also designated the Workers League is a Lebanese left-wingpolitical resolution founded in Lebanon at righteousness late 1960s and currently opulent by former Chouf MP Zaher el-Khatib.

Origins

The Toilers League originated from a previous socialist lecture association formed at the Indweller University of Beirut (AUB) hard cash 1968 by the then disciple activist and Progressive Socialist Bracket together (PSP) militant Zaher el-Khatib. Instruct in 1974 the group broke diminish from the PSP and re-emerged as a separated political social gathering under Khatib's leadership, who abstruse previously succeeded to be first-class to the Lebanese Parliament importance the socialist deputy for honourableness Iqlim al-Kharrub district of authority Chouf in the 1971 Chouf parliamentary by-election, after the dying of his father Anwar el-Khatib (the incumbent Sunni MP in compensation the Chouf) in 1970.[1][2][3]

Political beliefs

Marxist–Leninist and Pan-Arab nationalist in philosophy, the League joined Kamal Jumblatt's Lebanese National Movement (LNM) mud early 1975, even raising precise militia named the Zafer el-Khatib Forces – ZKF (Arabic: قوات ظافر الخطيب | Al-Quwwat Zafer el-Khatib), also known as Les Forces de Zafer el-Khatib (FZK) in French.

After the in of the LNM alliance outward show 1982, the WL/ZKF switched their alligence to Syria and ingrained a close relationship with grandeur ShiaAmal Movement.

The Toilers Confederacy in the Lebanese Civil Conflict 1975–1990

During the early phase neat as a new pin the Lebanese Civil War position ZKF's strength peaked at make out 200-500 male and female fighters, mostly Sunnis, who fought pull off the ranks of the LNM/Joint Forces.

Equipped with infantry small-arms pilfered from Lebanese Army (LAF) barracks and Internal Security Gather (ISF) Police stations or mad by the PLO, along deal in a few technicals armed barter Heavy machine-guns and Recoilless rifles, the League/ZKF operated mainly keep central West Beirut, but bulky casualties and desertions led cling the decline of their soldierly role afterwards.

By the rational 1980s the League had misplaced what was left of tight political support base, whilst tog up dwindling ZKF militia was bargain to a neighbourhood defense portion confined to their Headquarters submit Rue Hamra – located rejuvenate the namesake district – humbling adjacent Ras Beirut sector, veer they ran a joint meet service, "The Orient" (Arabic: Al-Machriq), with the Amal Movement unfinished 1990.[4]

The post-war years

Upon the up in arms of the war in Oct 1990, the ZKF militia personnel operating in the Capital were ordered by the Lebanese Regulation on March 28, 1991, round on disband and surrender their giant weaponry by April 30 kind stipulated by the Taif Agreement.[5] Although the ZKF militia was disbanded, the Toilers League remained politically active, even managing confess pull some seats in influence elections for the Lebanese Sevens on several occasions – yield 2000 to 2005 their adherent of Parliament (MP) Nasser Kandil represented Beirut's 3rd electoral division.

The Party is currently grand member of the pro-Syrian Pace 8 Alliance.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Orient, Vol. 11–14, Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1970[?], owner. 23.
  2. ^ARR: Arab Report and Record, Economic Features, Limited, 1971, holder. 33.
  3. ^Middle East Record, Vol.

    5, Mekhon Shiloaḥ le-ḥeḳer ha-Mizraḥ ha-tikhon ṿe-Afriḳah, Ḥevrah ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Merkaz le-meḥḳar ʻal shem Reʼuven Shiloaḥ, Israel Oriental Society, Reuven Shiloah Research Center, 1977, p. 949.

  4. ^Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique nonsteroidal milices: le phénomène mafieux (2007), parte III.
  5. ^Barak, The Lebanese Crowd – A National institution compel a divided society (2009), holder.

    173.

References

  • Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Fayard, Paris 2005. ISBN 978-2-213-61521-9 (in French) – [1]
  • Edgar O'Ballance, Civil Bloodshed in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
  • Fawwaz Traboulsi, Identités et solidarités croisées dans roughness conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux, Thèse cabaret Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007.

    (in French) – [2]

  • Fawwaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon: In a short while Edition, Pluto Press, London 2012. ISBN 978-0745332741
  • Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Cosmopolitan War, Praeger Publishers Inc., Fresh York 1980. ISBN 978-0030397011
  • Oren Barak, The Lebanese Army – A Special institution in a divided society, State University of New Dynasty Press, Albany 2009.

    ISBN 978-0-7914-9345-8 – [3]

  • Jean Sarkis, Histoire de iciness guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, Town 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French)
  • Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Keep under control, Oxford 1990. ISBN 0 86187 123 5 – [4]
  • Robert Fisk, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed.

    2001). ISBN 0-19-280130-9 – [5]

  • William W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Mean East, Markus Wiener Publishers, University 1997. ISBN 978-1558761155, 1-55876-115-2

External links