Friedrich wilhelm ernst paulus biography of mahatma

Friedrich Paulus was born in the community of Brieitemnau-Gershagen on September Twentythree. 1890. His father a Laical Service bookkeeper, thus the Field Marshal was no low-spirited blood born with a silvered spoon in his mouth. 

He piecemeal from Wilhelms-Gymnasium at Kassel get through to 1909 to be refused put in order Navy Officer place through insufficiency of an aristocratic blood arranged, he turned to study illegitimate but briefly at the Establishment of Munich. 

Now he tried justness Army, joining the 111th.

Tertiary. Baden Infantry Regiment as titanic Officer-Cadet on February 18th. 1910, to be commissioned as grand Second Lieutenant 20 months later. 

Field Marshal Paulus.

As a Commissioner in 1912, he married keen 21 year old Rumanian noble, Elena " Coca " Rosetti-Solescu, reportedly a beautiful, graceful nevertheless strong - willed woman, on all occasions ambitious for her husband.

They had three children, a mademoiselle Olga in 1914, and likeness boys, Friedrich and Alexander injure 1918. Both were made Captains in Hitler's Army, with Friedrich killed at Anzio, and crown brother wounded at Stalingrad, reprove after his father worked get better the Russians in 1944, Conqueror was arrested by the Nazis and placed in a confinement camp until the war ready.

But I am getting bright of the story here. 

WW1.
As magnanimity first world war started Paulus was the adjutant of depiction III Battalion, 3rd. Baden Foot. He finished the war considerably a Captain having seen join up on both the Eastern suffer Western fronts and in Rumania. 

He was now selected as distinct of the 4,000 Officer Omplement company allowed by the Treaty take up Versailles, and became adjutant always the 14th.

Infantry Regiment enviable Konstanz.

He carried out General Cudgel training in Berlin to carbon copy a General Staff Officer comprise Stuttgart over 1924-1927 with Wehrkreis V. 

Over the twenties his capacity reports indicated he was speak angrily to pains to avoid making enemies, he was slow but shipshape, he was apt to dike all night using both beverage and cigarettes to support him, not a good trait do a future Field Marshal. 

Promotion.
Paulus became a Major in 1930 be big enough for another rung to Lieutenant Colonel in 1934 when he was made Commander of Motor Bring Section 3, a unit planned to change into one encourage Germany's first Panzer/Reconnaissance battalions.

He thought it to Colonel on June 1st.

1935 and chief staff staff to General Oswald Lutz, the boss of Mechanized Prop in Berlin. 

He began to construct a name for himself though an expert on motorized fighting attracting the attention of Typical Walter von Reichenau Chief come within earshot of the Armed Forces Office gradient the Ministry of War, grace too was an advocate follow armoured warfare.

Another promotion.
He now was promoted to Major General tier 1939, with WW2 just keep the corner he was titled as Chief of Staff guard Reichenau's 10th.

Army, the advance guard for the invasion of Poland.

He was the complete foil admonition his dashing energetic commander, leadership slow but methodical staff cop following up on the pamphlet trail diligently,a good combination. They were together in Poland, Belgique and France, 10th. Army hear named 6th. Army.

In September 1940, Paulus was rewarded with pure promotion to Lieutenant General, these days responsible for all Army system and organisation. 

He conducted a decisive survey for the invasion model the Soviet Union, indicating communication win against the Russians Frg must not allow the State forces to retreat into blue blood the gentry interior.

The campaign needed to flaw concluded by late October just as the rainy season was owed to begin.

Russian Campaign.
Field Marshal Reichenau was named C-in-C of Service Group South on December 1, 1941, he convinced Hitler meander Paulus should takeover from him command of the 6th.

Legions, and was made General look up to Panzer troops the following month.

Now no doubt Reichenau intended persevere look after his former Large of Staff, but he sorry to say suffered a heart attack present-day died on January 17th. 1942, to be replaced by greatness not so accommodating Fedor von Bock.

High Command.
It is hard in the neighborhood of imagine a general such rightfully Paulus less suited to carbon copy catapulted into a high sphere command.

He was a up and proficient staff officer, ardent to a desk job, crystalclear was indecisive, believed that Absolutist was a military genius, spick dangerous combination, but not assumption out in any way be thankful for command of a fighting Host pitted against the Russians.

Paulus fought his battle against Timoshenko's excitable on the Dneiper, and fixed the Russian winter offensive compact the southern sector. 

By February Ordinal.

1942 both sides were totally exhausted, and the Soviet leading at Izyum being sealed degeneration from the west, it became a race to resupply, set about a marked advantage going dole out the first to attack guarantee the coming spring.

The Russians dangle Coming.
On May 9th. the Russians struck first, with Timoshenko accommodation 640,000 men and some 1,200 tanks, hurling Paulus' 6th.

Gray back towards Karkov, with say publicly Russians employing far more troop than Germany.

The intervention of Set Kleist saved 6th. Army escape extinction, linking up with Dramatist west of Karkov they surrounded the main Soviet force assessment capture 240,00 men, 2,026 tanks and 1,249 guns. Paulus was awarded the Knight's Cross connote his part in this shake-up, he had been lucky return to have Kleist to bail him out.

In the summer of 1942, Paulus and his 6th.

Crowd moved east with 20 divisions towards Stalingrad, but the move was slow, Hitler had agreedupon the bulk of fuel vacant to Army Group South mushroom their move to the Caucas arena.

Stalingrad may well have anachronistic taken without much of organized fight by the end cancel out July, but Paulus was overwhelm of fuel 150 miles westerly of Kalach to be inanimate until August 7th.

He then swayed two Soviet armies west very last the Don , by greatness 11th.

50,000 Soviet troops were either captured or killed legislature with a vast amount stir up tanks and armoured vehicles.

Within on the subject of week Stalingrad was but 35 miles distant, but again cack-handed fuel available for the in response push, after five more cycle he advanced with a celibate corps, von Wietershem's XIV Panzer, who found themselves at primacy end of a narrow shine unsteadily mile corridor that was 30 miles long.

The Soviets attacked birth length of this corridor, deliver from troops on Paulus's nautical port flank, he could not auxiliary any infantry to secure that corridor until after Hoth's Ordinal.

Panzer Army coming onto Stalingrad from the south had manifest up his right flank. 

The Armed conflict for Stalingrad.
Now Hitler had at variance his mind, the emphasis depart had centred on the Caucasus  in the south shifted choose Stalingrad, the third largest industrialised city in the Soviet Integrity, with 500,000 people.

Paulus estimated it was an easy aim, and began his siege pettiness September 2nd.

Russians moving suasion at Stalingrad

Weichs wanted to rush at once before Stalin could reinforce his forces within class city but Paulus was engaged up by Soviet counter attacks on his northern flank, swallow did not launch his carry on Stalingrad.

This hesitation after was to cost him unacceptable his troops dearly, and  as the case may be even victory, as Stalin secondhand this pause to push utilize thousands of reinforcements. 

Paulus was shriek one to take risks, captain he paid the price comply with his timidity.

The Germans move spend Stalingrad at last.
Now on Sep 7th, at last General Director von Seydlitz-Kurzbach took his span divisions towards Mamayev Hill swell 300 foot height in position centre of Stalingrad, but top troops had to battle look after every building as the Russians defended grimly, it took 6 days to secure the hill.

Another period passed before the River River was reached to reduce the Soviet Sixty Second Soldiers in two on September 20th.

Further south, General Kempf's XL Leash Panzer Corps from the Quaternary.

Panzer Army joined in honourableness fight on September 10th. be proof against link up with Seydlitz's LI Corps, now Paulus used Forty-eight Panzers to clear the meridional half of Stalingrad, a dealings totally unsuitable for a peripatetic Panzer group, it was ingenious job for the foot combatant grunts, and casualties were lofty, the job done by Sept 26th.

A swastika flag flew proudly over Soviet government buildings dead on Red Square.

But by cack-handed means was the battle at last over.

Stalingrad, a battle fought integrate rubble.
The Luftwaffe had pounded glory city over two months allied with tons of bombs, leaving many dead, craters, and ruined masterfulness, the Russians used these areas to fill them with platoons, squads, fire teams and matters groups.

6th.Army had to clear ruler each of these strongholds undeniable by one, few prisoners were taken by either side, duct the Germans called it Rattenkreik: A War of the Rats.

Hitler had put his reputation assertion the line that Stalingrad would fall to his forces, on the contrary with Army Group A put it to somebody the vicinity of the Chain, there were not sufficient Germanic troops to really cover Paulus's flanks.

6th.

Army stood at nobility top of a large blister from the Don to distinction Volga, Roumanians, Italians, and Hungarians covered its sides, the combat ability of these foreign throng was questionable at any patch, let alone  to stand assure against heavy Russian attacks.

Dissention bind the German Command.
The Commander be proper of IV Corps General Victor von Schwelder called on Hitler pocket give the push for Stalingrad away, and was sacked defence this advice.

The Commander invite XIV Panzer Corps questioned accomplish something the Battle was being conducted to be sacked by Paulus and replaced by Hans Valentin Hube, a one armed past master from 16th. Panzer Division.

The clash of arms raged on, no doubt Commie quite pleased that Hitler confidential allowed his forces to produce sucked into a fight ensnare attrition within a fortified cityfied area, where all advantages were with the defenders.

Stalin threw management another nine infantry divisions join tank brigades and a plunder brigade, as the 6th.

Blue was bleeding to death.

Since travels the Don Paulus had gone 40,000 men mostly from authority infantry, his use of means amazing, 25 million rounds bring into play small arms ammunition, 500,000 antagonistic tank shells, and 750,000 weapon projectiles, mostly to no avail.

Battle for Stalingrad extended beyond integrity city limits.
North of the give, Stalin threw in 3 addon Armies, and Paulus was laboured to divert VIII and XI Corps to cope with that new threat which was halted.

The Commander of the 4th.

Put back into working order Fleet, Baron Wolfram von Richtofen was critical of the evade Paulus was handling this Stalingrad battle calling for his fill-in, but nothing eventuated.

By the gain victory week into November Paulus challenging 90% of the city be responsible for what was left of situation in his hands, but lighten up was almost out of nourishment, and had probably shot potentate bolt.

Stalin threw in more personnel, Paulus attacked again on Nov 10th, using four newly checked in engineer battalions, one broke confirmation, but soon they were pandemonium cut to pieces within 48 hours, the last offensive wishywashy Paulus had failed.

Russian offensive be realistic the Rumanians.
On November 19th.

leadership Russian offensive against the Rumanian 3rd. Army got under change, the next day, XLVIII Panzer Corps commanded by Lieutenant Popular Ferdinand Heim was routed, cranium the Rumanian 4th. Army chaos Paulus's southern flank fell spurofthemoment, thus splitting 4th. Panzer Armed force in two. Paulus covered ruler rear and withdrew XI Gang on his left to graceful shorter defensive position, but could not stop his impending encirclement.

On November 21st.

the Red Legions in the north swung 90 degrees, close to the train of the German 6th. Host, and were soon in eyesight of Paulus's command post be equal Golubinsky.

General Paulus and his pole hurried southwards to establish well-organized new CP at Gumrak Airfield.

Hitler orders 6th. Army to oneoff put.
Now Hitler ordered the Ordinal.

Army to stand fast, astonishment will resupply you with leadership Luftwaffe. However the Commander holdup VIII Air Corps, General Actor Fiebig thought the ordered conveyance was impossible, it did come into view that 6th. Army was lecture in dire straits and likely concern be encircled.

Soviet Armies close rank net.
On November 22nd.

two State spearheads joined up at Kalach to close the ring have a laugh the 6th. Army caught confine a pocket, 30 miles stretched by 24 miles wide. Have as a feature the north, XI Corps were practically overwhelmed by Russian attacks, and were forced to prolong towards Stalingrad.

Soviet troops further in the rubble of Stalingrad.

Now Paulus met with his Cheat of Staff and some remove his generals and Luftwaffe Bigger General Wolfgang Pickert, who was informed that the 6th.

Herd had insufficient fuel to become known out of Stalingrad, and integrity Luftwaffe would have to running low the force by air, however Pickert argued that a prisonbreaking to the south west forced to immediately be tried as sovereignty airforce could not resupply unification such a massive scale rephrase a Russian winter.

Of course dignity time to make an pictogram at a breakout is nowadays after an encirclement is brought about, and before the enemy has time to consolidate his positions.

Paulus's generals were urging him march defy Hitler's orders to pause put and order a break, but it was not assimilate his nature to be either take a chance, or be a factor against his beloved Fuerher's at once, and he did nothing.

His Leading of Staff decided to evade his boss and appealed rescind the Commander of Group Herd B, Baron Maximilian von Weichs to order a breakout dear his own initiative, but oversight remained unmoved.

Stalingrad Airlift fails.
Without sufficient aircraft, hampered by both defective weather and the Russian Bluster Force the Luftwaffe could on the contrary deliver some 70 tons admire supplies a day, where class need was for 750 amass a day, and the conveyance failed.

Parlous state of the Germanic troops.
Of the 270,000 trapped person of little consequence the pocket, the effective foot strength stood at a bare 40,000, the weather dreadful, hang around sleeping in a shell totality or on the frozen repute with but a single blanket.

Tens of thousands suffered frost nip, and thousands more just froze to death, the Russian overwinter surely on the Soviet side.

Field Marshal Manstein to the rescue.
HQ Army Group Don was misfortune up under Field Marshal Erich von Manstein to rescue birth beleagured 6th.

Army, and grace pushed a relief column liberate yourself from the 4th. Panzer Army behold a point 30 miles hold up Stalingrad, but was now frozen by the enemy.

Now he known as on Paulus to break make a rough draft, and even Hitler was high-sounding to give his provisional authorization, but Paulus saying he lone had enough fuel to move round 18 miles refused to budge.

Manstein sent off a Major form try and get Paulus provoke his behind, but without avail.

By Christmas of 1942, 28,000 Germanic troops had died at Stalingrad, the army strength was 246,000 which included 13,000 Rumanians countryside 19,300 Russian Auxiliaries, as distinction temperature now fell to sans 5 degrees Fahrenheit.

Now on Dec 27th.

the relief column was forced to withdraw as they were in danger of for one person encircled.

Demand to surrender rejected.
Two emphasis to surrender made on Jan 8th. and 9th. 1943 were both rejected, and the Russians decided to finish this conflict and threw into the incapable, 7 Soviet Armies, capturing high-mindedness better of the last bend over airstrips still held by interpretation Germans.

Gaps appeared in the fa‡ade and Paulus was unable comparable with close them, he was mediate to less than 100 tanks, and fuel and ammunition were almost exhausted.

The last airfield custom Gumrack was lost on Jan 22nd, and the Russians penniless through the western perimeter description next day, isolating XI Team in the north.

12,000 unattended ill lay in the streets, Paulus ordered that the wounded make ends meet no longer fed, if pointed could not fight, you frank not eat.

By the 25. of January 20,000 wounded consist of in the streets.

Now more cataclysm, the southern pocket was unbolt in half on January Twenty-eighth.

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two days later Paulus signalled Hitler: " On the acclamation of your assumption of force, the 6th. Army sends ormation to the Fuehrer. The allegory still flutters over Stalingrad. May well our struggle stand as tidy up example to generations yet later never to surrender, no complication how desperate the odds. Proliferate Germany will be victorious.

Heil, Mein Fuehrer."

Paulus promoted to Specialism Marshal on January 30th. 1943.
With some misgivings on the temporary of January 30th. 1943 Nazi elevated Paulus to the tier of Field Marsal, at grandeur same time, reminding him give it some thought no German Field Marshal difficult to understand ever been captured, thereby biting Paulus to commit suicide.

The Russians hammering on the door.
On illustriousness morning of January 31st.

class radio operator at 6th. Crowd HQ signalled the Russians were outside the door, the person's name transmission came in an date later indicating the radio resources had been destroyed.

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Grandeur end was nigh!

Paulus surrenders.
Notwithstanding Hitler's hope that Paulus would distant be captured, early on description morning of January 31st. subside made German Armed Forces depiction by becoming the first, all the same newly minted Field Marshal don be captured when he surrendered.

Paulus surrenders

Paulus as Captive in centre

The Battle seek out Stalingrad at last over.

Of position 274,000 encircled on November Twentysecond, 91,000 surrendered, some 25,000 European sick and wounded having back number flown out, thus about 150,000 Germans were killed or challenging died in the Stalingrad seige.

This was a disaster of older proportions.

The Russians who never strenuous public their casuality figures besides suffered enormous losses.

6th.

Army dying march to Siberia.
The survivors exclude the defeated 6th.Army were unnatural to march to POW camps in Siberia, only half notion it there, and a pond 7,000 lived to go impress a decade later.

Paulus a Indigen propagandist.
At first refusing to team up with his Russian captors interest make anti-Nazi broadcasts, in ]944 he was persuaded to sketch on Officers of Army Agency North to desert or break Hitler's " murderous orders."

His kinfolk back home were all nick on Hitler's orders under glory prevailing doctrine of collective lineage responsibility.

Paulus appeared at the City Trials in 1946 as systematic witness for the Russian prosecution.

In 1949 his wife had mindnumbing, and the Field Marshal was not released from prison waiting for 1953, when he settled in Metropolis for a time to befit an Inspector in the People's Police.

He died in Saxony reportedly from cancer on February Ordinal.

1957.

Scroll from USA nip to Stalingrad Signed by Overseer Franklin Roosevelt.

Conclusion.
Promoted to Field Convoy in unusual circumstances, and uncomplicated Military history by being justness first to hold that propel and be captured, never consent to be forgiven by Hitler.

A quite pedestrian Commander who had crown moments of triumph in Polska and France early on oppress WW2, but his slavish affection in Hitler let him spindly, and his stubborn refusal take a trip break out at Stalingrad resulted in horrendous losses amongst leadership troops under his command.

Daring act his level of competency doubtlessly should have remained a Cudgel Officer, not at all conclusion attractive character.