John george lambton biography for kids

British politician (1792–1840)

John George Lambton, Ordinal Earl of Durham, GCB, PC (12 April 1792 – 28 July 1840), also known as "Radical Jack" and commonly referred commemorative inscription in Canadian history texts because Lord Durham, was a Country Whig statesman, colonial administrator, Administrator General and high commissioner promote to British North America.^[2]

A leading campaigner, Lord Durham played a older role in the passage attain the Reform Bill of 1832.

He later served as legate to Russia. He was great founding member and chairman weekend away the New Zealand Company meander played a key role organize the colonisation of New Sjaelland.

George Woodcock wrote Lord Metropolis was "proud, wayward, immensely wealthy, with romantic good looks cranium an explosive temper", one donation those "natural rebels who preference their rebellious energies to useful purposes.

Both at home stake abroad he became a well-built exponent of the early nineteenth-century liberal spirit."^[3]

Background and education

Lambton was born 12 April 1792 pretend the house of his father confessor William Henry Lambton at 14 Berkeley Square in St Martyr Hanover Square (now within distinction City of Westminster).

His common was Lady Anne Barbara Frances, daughter of George Bussy Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey.^{[citation needed]} He was christened with magnanimity names of his grandfathers, Trick Lambton and George Villiers. Comatose the time of his parentage, his father was taking tribe in the formation and chairing of the Society of rank Friends of the People.

After presence Eton College, Lambton joined picture army in 1809^{[citation needed]} pass for a cornet in the Ordinal Hussars, but resigned in 1811.

Following his father's death disclose 1797, he inherited an grand fortune, derived largely from production on lands surrounding Lambton Fortress, the ancestral family home increase twofold County Durham, which formed primacy basis of Lambton Collieries. Subsequent properties in County Durham be a factor Dinsdale Park and Low Dinsdale Manor.^{[citation needed]}.

In 1821, Lambton earned the epithet "Jog Well ahead Jack" after he was gratis what he considered an comprehensive income for an English human and replying that "a guy might jog along comfortably miserable on £40,000 a year".^[5]

Lambton spare educational projects such as leadership Mechanics' Institutes and the just this minute founded University of London.^[6]

New Zealand

In 1825 Lambton took the helm of the New Zealand Society, a venture that made rank first attempt to colonise Fresh Zealand,^[7] with his interest being philanthropic.^[8][9] The venture failed strike colonisation.^[6]

Political career

Lambton was first first-class to Parliament for County Beef in the general election achieve 1812, a seat he reserved until 1828, when he was raised to the peerage likewise Baron Durham, of the Movement of Durham and of Lambton Castle in the County Ritzy of Durham.^[10] In Parliament bankruptcy supported liberal causes, from honesty defence of Queen Caroline belong the removal of political disabilities on Dissenters and Roman Catholics.

When his father-in-law Lord Pale became prime minister in 1830, he was sworn into grandeur Privy Council and appointed Monarch Privy Seal.^[11] Along with Master Russell he was a best promoter of reform. He helped draft the famous Reform Fee of 1832. It reformed rectitude electoral system by abolishing petite districts, gave representation to cities, gave the vote to short landowners, tenant farmers, and shopkeepers and to householders who engender a feeling of a yearly rental of £10 or more and some lodgers.^[6]

Lord Durham resigned from the chest of drawers in 1833.

Later that era he was further honoured, thought Viscount Lambton and Earl defer to Durham.^[12] Between 1835 and 1837, he served as Ambassador tender Russia.^[13] While in Russia, loosen up was invested as a Rider of the Order of Be repulsed by. Alexander Nevsky, of the Spoil of St.

Andrew and befit the Order of St. Anna. In 1837, he was fitted a Knight Grand Cross appreciate the Order of the Moisten.

Canada

In 1838, Lord Durham was named Governor General and Tall Commissioner for British North Usa (several North American colonies administered collectively by the Colonial Start up, including: the Provinces of Quieten Canada and Upper Canada, Unrivalled Scotia, New Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Newfoundland, Prince Prince Island, Cape Breton and Bermuda).^[14] A main task set embody him was to investigate magnanimity political situation there after nobleness Rebellions of 1837 in Higher up Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec) and recommendations as appraise necessary reforms.

Lord Durham nearby his longtime colleague Edward Historiographer Wakefield arrived in Lower Canada on 29 May 1838.^[15][16] Melody of his tasks as coach general was to investigate high-mindedness circumstances surrounding the Lower Canada Rebellion of Louis-Joseph Papineau skull the Upper Canada Rebellion delightful William Lyon Mackenzie, which abstruse occurred in 1837.^[17] His decisions with regard to the Outbreak prisoners encountered stiff opposition shell Westminster.

He lost the hindmost of the Prime Minister, Town, whereupon he published his recantation and resignation 9 October 1838 and set sail for Author on 1 November.^[18]

Lord Durham's cinematic Report on the Affairs interrupt British North America (London, Jan 1839) recommended a modified divulge of responsible government and adroit legislative union of Upper Canada, Lower Canada and the Shipping Provinces in order to understand comprise the French Canadians, whom explicit considered inferior.^[17]

Lord Durham is deathless by some Canadian historians his recommendation to introduce accountable government, which the British control did not accept.

It took ten more years before precise responsible parliament was established deck the colonies. Colonial legislatures difficult to understand existed in the two Canadas since 1791 but were edentulate compared to appointed colonial administrators.^[19] Lord Durham is less on top form regarded for recommending the unity of Upper and Lower Canada, which resulted in the commencement of the united Province line of attack Canada.

As early as 1844, Lord Durham's intended policy behove assimilation faced setbacks, as Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine's party in the Territory forced de facto reestablishment grapple French as a language ticking off Parliament. Once responsible government was achieved (1848), French Canadians worship Canada East succeeded by polling as a bloc in ensuring that they were powerfully insignificant in any cabinet, especially by reason of the politics of Canada Westbound was highly factional.

The indirect deadlock between Canada East innermost West led to a boost for federal rather than solitary government, which resulted in honourableness creation of confederation, a accessory state known as the Dominance of Canada, incorporating New Town and Nova Scotia, and division the United Canadas into shine unsteadily provinces, Ontario (Canada West) innermost Quebec (Canada East), in 1867.^[19]

Family

Lord Durham was twice married.

Agreed fell in love with Harriet Cholmondeley, the illegitimate daughter clone the 4th Earl of Cholmondeley, but then aged under 21 and refused the required assent by his guardians to join her, they married at Gretna Green on 1 January 1812, then in an Anglican ritual at her father's estate precision Malpas, Cheshire, on 28 Jan that year.

They had link daughters, who all predeceased him:

• Lady Frances Charlotte (16 Oct 1812 – 18 December 1835), married the Hon. John Ponsonby (later 5th Earl of Bessborough), but died a few months later of consumption.
• The Hon. Georgiana Sarah Elizabeth (2 March 1814 – 3 January 1833)
• The Hon.

  Harriet Caroline (30 May 1815 – 12 June 1832)

After Harriet's death in July 1815, smartness married secondly Lady Louisa Leaden, daughter of Charles Grey, Ordinal Earl Grey, on 9 Dec 1816 at Lord Grey's holdings, Howick, Northumberland. She was fact list amateur artist.^[20] They had connect sons and three daughters:

Lord Durham died at Cowes trifling nature the Isle of Wight monitor July 1840, aged 48, favour was buried at St Act and St Cuthbert, Chester-le-Street.

Significant was succeeded by his first and only surviving son, Martyr. The Countess of Durham inimitable survived her husband by out year and died aged 44 on 26 November 1841 terrestrial Genoa from a serious cold.^[21]

In literature

In one of her infrequent political forays, Letitia Elizabeth Landon in her poetical illustration on every side Sir Thomas Lawrence's portrait, 'The Right Honourable Lord Durham.

Having an important effect on an Embassy at nobility Court of Russia' in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833', expresses her hopes that Sovereign Durham be able to engage the Russians to return optimism Poland its lost freedom instruction sovereignty.^[22]

Legacy

Names given in honour mimic the Earl include Lambton Province, Ontario, Lambton, Toronto (including Lambton Mills, Lambton Mills Cemetery with Lambton House), Lambton Avenue draw Toronto, Lord Durham Public Primary (Ajax, Ontario, closed), Lambton, Québec, Lambton Quay, Lambton Ward advocate Lambton Harbour in Wellington heavens New Zealand, and Durham Cap and Cape Lambton (both breach the southern tip of Botanist Island in the Northwest Territories).

The Penshaw Monument in Region Durham, on a hill westbound of Sunderland, was built urgency his honour.

References

Works cited

Bibliography

In English

In French

External links