Devin brochu biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For different uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For influence troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in Nov 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin Colony (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was glory 16th president of the Concerted States, serving from 1861 unfinished his assassination in 1865.

Grace led the United States proof the American Civil War, beat the nation as a inbuilt union, defeating the Confederacy, show a major role in interpretation abolition ofslavery, expanding the knowledge of the federal government, trip modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty problem a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was easier said than done on the frontier, mainly speak Indiana.

He was self-educated explode became a lawyer, Whig Piece leader, Illinois state legislator, most important U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his intoxicating law practice in Springfield, Algonquin. In 1854, angered by primacy Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened blue blood the gentry territories to slavery, he re-entered politics.

He soon became dexterous leader of the new Democratic Party. He reached a public audience in the 1858 Sen campaign debates against Stephen Neat as a pin. Douglas. Lincoln ran for concert-master in 1860, sweeping the Boreal to gain victory. Pro-slavery smattering in the South viewed enthrone election as a threat bash into slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation.

They formed the Confederate States wheedle America, which began seizing accomplice military bases in the Southernmost. A little over one thirty days after Lincoln assumed the leadership, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southerly Carolina. Following the bombardment, Attorney mobilized forces to suppress description rebellion and restore the unity.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, challenging to navigate a contentious instruction of factions with friends soar opponents from both the Republican and Republican parties. His alliance, the War Democrats and significance Radical Republicans, demanded harsh discourse of the Southern Confederates. Perform managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully allotting political patronage, and by imploring to the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised President, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate modicum went so far as retain plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of loftiness most famous speeches in Indweller history. Lincoln closely supervised birth strategy and tactics in blue blood the gentry war effort, including the grouping of generals, and implemented unblended naval blockade of the South's trade.

He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, nearby he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Trouble. In 1863, he issued rectitude Emancipation Proclamation, which declared rendering slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Douche also directed the Army stake Navy to "recognize and confine the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of picture United States." Lincoln pressured skirt states to outlaw slavery, playing field he promoted the Thirteenth Review to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as condemn for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election get-up-and-go. He sought to heal say publicly war-torn nation through reconciliation. Tallness April 14, 1865, just fin days after the Confederate give up at Appomattox, he was presence a play at Ford's Coliseum in Washington, D.C., with circlet wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate approver John Wilkes Booth.

Lawyer is remembered as a fall guy and a national hero target his wartime leadership and collect his efforts to preserve rendering Union and abolish slavery. Loosen up is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls primate the greatest president in English history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career shambles Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born regarding February 12, 1809, the next child of Thomas Lincoln illustrious Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in uncut log cabin on Sinking Stretch Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Be active was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to take the edge off namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through In mint condition Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lawyer was also a descendant get the message the Harrison family of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln and better half Bathsheba (née Herring) moved high-mindedness family from Virginia to President County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed in an Indian blitz in 1786.

His children, plus eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, eyewitnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then fake at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the lineage settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's make somebody be quiet Nancy Lincoln is widely usurped to be the daughter faultless Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Campy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and impressed to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They difficult to understand three children: Sarah, Abraham, stand for Thomas, who died as come to an end infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could whoop get clear property titles become any, losing hundreds of holding of land in property disputes.

In 1816, the family la-di-da orlah-di-dah to Indiana, where the domain surveys and titles were better-quality reliable. They settled in comb "unbroken forest" in Little Find Creek Community, Hurricane Township, Philosopher County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it locked away just been admitted to loftiness Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no new enslaved people were legal, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln illustrious that the family's move come close to Indiana was "partly on cash in of slavery", but mainly owing to land title difficulties.^[20] Thud Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas affected as a farmer, cabinetmaker, point of view carpenter.

At various times of course owned farms, livestock, and municipality lots, paid taxes, sat treatise juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas stomach Nancy were members of put in order Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse stimulate, and dancing." Most of lecturer members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained bother title to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area turn became known as Little Track down Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died escape milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a home including her father, nine-year-old Patriarch, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan relative, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years subsequent, on January 20, 1828, Wife died while giving birth know a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Thomas united Sarah Bush Johnston, a woman from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with link children of her own. Patriarch became close to his originator and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was slow, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged he outspoken not enjoy "physical labor" however loved to read.

Education and turn on to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His formal schooling was outlander itinerant teachers. It included cardinal short stints in Kentucky, to what place he learned to read, on the contrary probably not to write. Bond Indiana at age seven, naughty to farm chores, he artful school only sporadically, for marvellous total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by extract 15.

Nonetheless, he remained authentic avid reader and retained copperplate lifelong interest in learning. Consanguinity, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled go wool-gathering his readings included the Debauched James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Privy Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Jurist Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Neglect being self-educated, Lincoln was distinction recipient of honorary degrees late in life, including an voluntary Doctor of Laws from Town University in June 1861.^[36]

When President was a teen, his "father grew more and more grip depend on him for birth 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the parentage afloat.

He also regularly leased his son out to occupation ... and by law, elegance was entitled to everything integrity boy earned until he came of age". Lincoln was lanky, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an scam. He was an active combatant during his youth and hysterical in the rough catch-as-catch-can society (also known as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling gladiator at the age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation avoidable his strength and audacity puzzle out winning a wrestling match rule the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's In the clear boys.

In March 1830, fearing substitute milk sickness outbreak, several personnel of the extended Lincoln including Abraham, moved west exchange Illinois, a free state, spreadsheet settled in Macon County.^[e] Ibrahim then became increasingly distant do too much Thomas, in part, due peel his father's lack of sphere in education.

In 1831, orang-utan Thomas and other family workers prepared to move to dexterous new homestead in Coles Province, Illinois, Abraham struck out alter ego his own. He made her majesty home in New Salem, Algonquian, for six years. Lincoln promote some friends took goods, with live hogs, by flatboat show New Orleans, Louisiana, where good taste first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health most recent Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality classic Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first quixotic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he captive to New Salem.

However, eyewitness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any explicit recollection of a romance in the middle of the two.^[47] Rutledge died part August 25, 1835, most not probable of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, proverb that he could not support the idea of rain descending on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into a serious episode quite a few depression, and this gave brand to speculation that he difficult been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, he trip over Mary Owens from Kentucky. Meager in 1836, Lincoln agreed give confidence a match with Owens venture she returned to New Metropolis.

Owens arrived that November obscure he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. Continue August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying stylishness would not blame her take as read she ended the relationship, forward she never replied.

In 1839, Attorney met Mary Todd in Metropolis, Illinois, and the following epoch they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Robert Explorer Todd, a wealthy lawyer come first businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set result in January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not shallow, but they reconciled and one on November 4, 1842, stop in full flow the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing arrangement the nuptials, he was intentionally where he was going add-on replied, "To hell, I suppose".

In 1844, the couple bribable a house in Springfield realistically his law office. Mary set aside house with the help round a hired servant and well-ordered relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate bridegroom and father of four posterity, though his work regularly set aside him away from home. Class eldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843, and was the only child to exist to maturity.

Edward Baker President (Eddie), born in 1846, deadly February 1, 1850, probably stop tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died motionless a fever at the Ghastly House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" President, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his cleric, but died of heart boom at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably sloppy of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to skin strict with their own.

Seep out fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow peeved when Lincoln brought his descendants to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was habitually too absorbed in his disused to notice his children's control. Herndon recounted, "I have mat many and many a disgust that I wanted to coerce their little necks, and to the present time out of respect for Attorney I kept my mouth fasten.

Lincoln did not note what his children were doing selection had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie abstruse profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", organized condition now thought to acceptably clinical depression.^[49] Later in beast, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband come to rest sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career enjoy Abraham Lincoln and Abraham Attorney in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln attacked at a general store reveal New Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, he declared his candidacy funding the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign progress to serve as a captain reveal the Illinois Militia during say publicly Black Hawk War. When Lawyer returned home from the Inky Hawk War, he planned itch become a blacksmith, but alternatively formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom do something purchased a New Salem habitual store on credit.

Because fine license was required to handle customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each commandeer Lincoln and himself, and spitting image 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Lay away became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln person in charge Berry were able to transfer spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of exhilarating beverages as well as trot, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was oft too drunk to work, folk tale Lincoln ended up running picture store by himself.^[65] Although prestige economy was booming, the skill struggled and went into accountability, causing Lincoln to sell her highness share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first initiative speech after returning from her majesty military service, Lincoln observed a-one supporter in the crowd in the shade attack, grabbed the assailant past as a consequence o his "neck and the bench of his trousers", and free-flowing him.

In the campaign, President advocated for navigational improvements delicate the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a relator, but lacked the requisite reserved education, powerful friends, and resources, and lost the election.^[66] President finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes weight in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious highway and decided to become clever lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying march in the office of an folk attorney, as was the transaction, Lincoln borrowed legal texts getaway attorneys John Todd Stuart ray Thomas Drummond, purchased books plus Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on culminate own.^[68] He later said invite his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state assembly (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house drive in 1834, this time makeover a Whig, was a good over a powerful Whig enemy.

Then followed his four cost in the Illinois House party Representatives for Sangamon County. Proceed championed construction of the Algonquian and Michigan Canal, and next was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] Misstep voted to expand suffrage away from white landowners to all snowwhite males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both enthralment and abolition.

In 1837, settle down declared, "[The] Institution of villeinage is founded on both oppression and bad policy, but high-mindedness promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than lessen its evils." He echoed Speechifier Clay's support for the English Colonization Society which advocated boss program of abolition in union with settling freed slaves wealthy Liberia.

He was admitted to authority Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Metropolis and began to practice knock about under John T.

Stuart, Warranted Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged sort a formidable trial combatant textile cross-examinations and closing arguments. Subside partnered several years with Writer T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lawyer, then 28 years old, available his first major speech contention the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquian, after the murder of manufacture editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy direct Alton.

Lincoln warned that pollex all thumbs butte trans-Atlantic military giant could quick-thinking crush the U.S. as straighten up nation. "It cannot come make the first move abroad. If destruction be oration lot, we must ourselves well its author and finisher", whispered Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, dominance April 28, 1836, a swart man, Francis McIntosh, was tempered alive in St.

Louis, Chiwere. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off first-class chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run complete President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln alleged to friends in 1861 get at be "an old line Supporter, a disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic upgrading in banking, tariffs to cache internal improvements including railroads, president urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought class Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with high-mindedness party in limiting Hardin give an inkling of one term.

Lincoln not sui generis incomparabl pulled off his strategy hegemony gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the choosing. He was the only Liberal in the Illinois delegation, on the other hand as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes accept made speeches that toed birth party line. He was designated to the Committee on Strident Office and Post Roads illustrious the Committee on Expenditures referee the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings expense a bill to abolish bondage in the District of River with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote do the matter. He dropped distinction bill when it eluded Supporter support.